Ibn-Tibbon, Samuel, son of the preceding, was born about 1160. He was educated by his father both in the Hebrew and cognate languages, and followed him in the practice of medicine. He was wild and even reckless in his youth, but finally became interested in his studies, and evinced greater skill as a translator tlian his father. He died about 1230. Besides translating philosophical works both of Jewish and heathen authors, among whom were Aristotle and Alfarabi, he wrote a commentary on Ecclesiastes (rpllp '.UIT'S), which ex- ists in MS. in several of the European libraries ; and a commentary on Gen. i, 1-9, entitled Q'^m lipi "r-ZH-n (Presbiu-g, 1837), being a dissertation on the creation. — Griitz Gesch. d. Juden, vi, 242 ; Kitto, Cyclop. Bib. Lit, ii, 358 ; Fiirst, Biblioth. Jud. iii, 402 sq.
Ibn-Tumart, AniiALLAii, a religious enthusiast, flourished in the second half of the 12th century in Northern Africa. He appeared before the simple-mind- ed hordes of Barbarj', and preached against the Sunnit- ical doctrine of the Mohammedan orthodoxy [see Si'N- NiTEs], and the literal interpretation of the verses of the Koran, and the Mohammedan belief that God feels and acts like man. His followers, on account of their behef in the strict unity of God without corporeal rep- resentation (Tauchid), called themselves Almowachids, or Almohuds. Ibn-Tumart they recognised as Mahdi, or the God-sent Imam of Islam. Like IMohammed, he went forth to conquer by the sword the territories of the Almoravids, and his doctrine soon found followers throughout North-west Africa. See Mohammedans. (J. H. W.)
Ib'ri (Heb. Ibri\ '^'725', an Eberite or "Hebrew;" Sept. has 'Q[3Si v. r. 'A/Jai), the last named of '• the sons of IMerari by Jaaziah," i. c., apparently a descend- ant of Levi in the time of David (1 Chron. xxiv, 27). B.C. 1014.
Ibum is a name for the .Tewish ceremony of the marriage of a childless widow by the brother of the de- ceased husband. See Levik.\te L.\w.
Ib'zan (Heb. Ibtsan', 1^3^, from ]-'5'?) *« sliine, hence illustrious ; but accord, to Gesen. perh. of tin, or yrievous, from the Chald. ; Sept. '¥,(itiydv v. r. 'Aftaia- rrdy; Joseph. 'A\pdvi]c, Ant.v, 7, 13), the tenth "judge of Israel" (Judg. xii, 8-10). He was of Bethlehem,
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probably the Bethlehem of Zebulun (so Michaelis and Hezel), ami not of Jiidah (as Josephus says). He gov- erned seven years, B.C. 1249-1243. The prosperity of Ibzan is marked by the great muiiber of his chikb-en (thirty sons and tliirty daughters), and his wealth by their marriages— for they were all married. Some have held, with little probabiUty, that Ibzan was the same with Boaz.— Kitto.
Icard, CifARLES, a French Protestant divine, was born at St. Hippolyte, Languedoc, in Februarj-, 1G36. He attended school at Anduze, Orange, and Nimes, and concluded his theological studies at Geneva from 1655- 68, and in 1659 went to Paris. After ordination by the provincial synod of Ay he was appointed pastor of La Norville, where he remained mitH 1668, when he ac- cepted a pastorship at Nimes. Under the influence of the persecutions which heralded the approaching revo- cation of the edict of Nantes, the Protestants, at the suggestion of Claude Brousson, formed a central com- mittee for the protection of their general interests, and Ic;ird was chosen to represent it at the Synod of Lower Languedoc, assembled at Uzes in 1632. In the mean time, the population of a part of Yivarais and Lower Languedoc having risen in arms to resist the persecu- tion, the insurrection was extinguished in blood, and the members of the central committee, accused of being the instigators, were proceeded against with the utmost severity. Icard succeeded in reaching Geneva, and thence went to Neufchatel for greater security. While on his way, at Yverdun, he learned that he had been condemned, June 26, 1682, as contumacious, to die on the rack. He remained as pastor at Neufchatel until 1688, when he went to Bremen, and supplied a French congregation there. He died June 9, 1715, Icard wrote two Sermons, Avis snlutaire aux Erjlises reformees de France (Amst. 1685, 12mo), exhorting the Protestants not to give way under persecution. He also edited an edition of the Institutions de Calvin (first two books, Bremen, 1696, 1697, 'Ito ; the whole, Bremen, 1713, fol.) ; and an edition of the Entretiens d'un Pere et de son Fils sur le Changement de Religion, par Josue de La Place. See Hossat, Detail ahrege de la Vie de Charles Icard (in Hist. crit. de la Republique des Lettres (1717), xiv, 283- 301; linag. La France Protesta}ite ; Koekr, Nour.Biog. Genet-ale, xxv, 768.
Ice (H"l|?, ke'rach, so called from its smoothness. Job vi, 16; xxviii, 29; elsewhere cold, "frost," Gen. xxxi, 40 ; Jer. xxxvi, 30 ; i, e. ice. Job xxxvii, 10 ; but "crys- ial" in Ezek. i, 32; or rTlp, ko'rach, id., poet, for hail, Psa. cxlvii, 17). See the above terms, and climate un- der Palestine.
Iceland, an island belonging to Denmark, situated between the North Atlantic and the Arctic Oceans, dis- tant 130 miles from the south-east coast of Greenland, and about 850 miles VN-est of Norway, extending between lat. 63=' 24' and 663 35' x.. and long. 13=' 31' and 24°. The area is about 38,400 square miles, of which only 15,300 are cultivatecL The total popidation of Iceland was, according to the census of 18(50, 66,987 souls.