cipio erat Verbum"), in Opera, xii. .'i71 ; Zanchius, De Jncarnatione Filii Dei, in Ojk ra ( KUO, folio), viii, 1; Gregory Nazianzen,0/'«//(' /// iin/iri/n/cm Chrisli (transl, by i-I, S. Boyd, in The Fathers nut I'dpists, 1834) ; G. F, Baur, Die Chr. Lehre v. d. Dreieinie/keit n. Menschicerd- ung Gottes (Tubingen, 1841) ; Johann Aug. Ernesti, De Dignitate et Veritate Incarnationis Filii Dei, in his Opmcula Theologica (1792) ; Gass, Geschichte der Prot. Dogm. i. Ill sq. ; A. Hahn, Lehrhuch des christlichen Glaubens (1828), p. 448 sq. ; Duguet, Principes de la Foi Chretienne, and responses to Renan's Vie de Jesu, by his countrymen Freppel, Bp. Plantier, and Poujoulat ; J. A. Dorner, Fntwicklunr/sffeschichte der J^ehrefur die Person Christi, i, passim ; ii, 51 sq., 432^42, 591 sq. (transl. also in Clark's Lib.); Thomasius, Christi Person mid Werk (Erlangen, 1857); J. P. Langc. T.,Ii,n .Lsu. ii. 66 si].; Karl 'SXerner, Geschichte d< r A/mfiu/. fisc/ii n mnl Pulemi- schen Literafur der Christlirhm Th(j,h,;ri'' i1m;I), i. 387 sq., 566 sq. ; ii, 175 sq. ; jM. F. Sadler, Kmnmniiel, or the Incarnation of the Son of God the Foundalhm of immu- table Truth (1867) ; John Owen, Xpi(yTo\ayta, or a Dec- laration of the glorious Mystei-ji of the Person of Christ God and Man (Lond. 1826), xii, 1-343 ; Pearson, On the Creed; Burnet, On the 39 Articles, Art. ii ; Archbishop Usher, Immanuel, or the Mi/stert/ of the Incarnation of the Son of God (Lond. 1648," fol.) ; fhos. Goodwin, Christ the Mediator, in Works (1681, fol.), iii, 1-427 ; R. J. Wil- berforce, Doct. of the Incai-n. of our Lord Jesus Christ in its Relation to Mankind and the Church ; Edward Ir- ving, The Doctrine of the Incarnation opened (in Ser- mons') ; Robt. Turnbull, Theophany, or the Manifestation of God in Christ Jesus ; John Farrer, Bampton Lecture (1803), p. 59 sq. ; Robert Fleming, The Loganth?-opos, or a Discourse concerning Christ as the Logos (Lond. 1705), vol. ii of Chrisfology ; Thomas Bradburj^, Mysteri/ of Godliness considered in 61 Sermons (Edinb. 1795) ; Wm. Sherlock, Vindication of the Doctrine of the Trinitg and the Incarnation of the Son of God (Lond. 1691) ; ]Marcu8 Dods, On the Incarnation of the Eternal Word, with rec. notice by Dr. Thomas Chalmers (2d ed. 1849) ; Bib. Rep, 1832, p. 1 ; 1849. p. 636 sq. ; Brownson's Quart. Rev. sec. series, iv, 136; v, 137 sq. ; vi, 287 sq. : Church Rev. iv, 428 sq. ; Biblioth. Sacra, xi, 729 ; xii, 52 ; xxiv, 41 sq. (an able art. on the theory of Incarnation, Ajiril, 1854) ; Methodist Quart. Rev. 1851, p. 114 ; 1866, p. 290 ; Kitto's Jounud of Sacred Literature, first series, iii, 10/-113; Theological Eclectic, ii, 184; Massillon, "Les caracteres de la grandeur de Jesus Christ," in (Eurres Completes, vi, 107 ; on 1 Cor. ii, 7, 8 ; vii, 89 ; Bp. Stillingfleet, ^er- morn (1690), iii, 336 ; Bossuet, three Sermons, (Euvj-es, \ai, 1 ; Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, iv, 61 ; Joseph Benson, Sermons, ii, 604 ; Archbp. Tillotson, (fol. ed.). i, 431 ; Bp. Beveridge, Woi-ks, ii, 564; Bp. Home, Disc, i, 193; Bp. Van Mildert, W^orks, v, 359 ; J. H. Newman, Sermons, ii, 29 ; C. Simeon, Works, xix, 170 ; Richard Duke, The Divinity and Humanity of Jesus Christ (1730), p. 29; Thomas Arnold, Sermon on 1 Tim. iii, 16, at Rugby (1833) p. Ill ; W. A. Butler, The Mystery of the Holy incarnation (Amer. ed.), i, 58; George Rawlinson, Ser- mon on John i, 11, p. 1 ; Riggenbach, Sermon on the Per- son of Jesus Christ, transl. in Fotindations of our Faith, p. 100. For other sermons on the incarnation, see Dar- ling's Ci/elopwdia Bibliographica, col. 1059, 1063, 1064, 1546, 1547, 1595-1597 ; also IMalcolm's Theol. Index, p. 234. Compare Stanlev, East. Ch. p. 279, 352 ; Baptist Quart. 1870 (July); A mer. Ch. Rev. 1870, p. 82 ; Am. Presh. Rev. 1869, p. 324; Bib. Sac. 1870, p. 1 ; Mercersb. Rev. 1858, p. 419 ; Brit, and For. Ev. Rev. 1861 (Jan., art. iv) ; 1866 (Jan.) ; 1868 (July) ; Theol. Eclect. iii, 167 ; Bullet. Theol. 1867 (Jan.), p. 23"sq. See also references to the subject, more or less extensive, in Lives of Christ, hy Sepp. Kuhn, Baumgarten, Ewald, Van Osterzee, Neander, Jeremy Taylor, Ellicott, Pressense, Young, Andrews ; Lichten- stein's Jesus Ch7-istus, Abiiss seines Lebens, in Herzog's Real-Encyklop. vol. vi ; also Bibliography of Life of Je- sus in Hase's Leben Jesu (Lpz. 1854) ; also Literatiure un- der Christologv, vol ii, p. 284. (J. K. B.)
INCARTULATI
o38
INCENSE
Incartulati, a term for the certificates of liberation piveii to serfs or slaves of churches and monasteries who were liberated.— Pierer, Univ. Lex. viii, 841.
Iiicastratura (sepulcrum) is a name in the Roman Catholic Church for a smaU place in the aUar-stones set apart for the storage of saints' relics.— Pierer, Univ. Lex. viii, 841.
Incensarium (or Incensoriuji) is the name of the vessel used in the Romish and some of the Oriental churches for containing the incense to be burned. See
IXCEXSE.
Incensation is the lighting and burning of the in- cense. See Incekse.
Incense (mi:;p, letorah', Deut. xxxiii, 10; usu- ally rrntip. h'lo'reth, which is once apphed likewise to the/((/of rams, being the part always burned in sacri- fice; once ^lip_, Miter', Jer. xliv, 21; all forms of the verb "lUp, prop, to smoke, hence to cause an odor by burning, often itself applied to the act of burning in- cense ; Greek, SD/iinjua and cognate terms ; sometimes riDiab, lehonah', Isa. xliii, 23; Ix, G; Ixvi, 3; Jer. vi, 20; xvii, 26; yM,b,franMncense,as elsewhere rendered), a perfume which gives forth its fragrance by burning, and, in particular, that perfume which was burned upon the Jewish altar of incense. (See Weimar, De suffitu aromatum, Jen. 1678.) See Altar. Indeed, the biu-n- ing of incense seems to have been considered among the Hebrews so much of an act of worship or sacred of- fering that we read not of any other use of incense than this among them. Nor among the Egyptians do we discover any trace of burned perfume except in sacer- dotal use; but in Persian sculptures we see incense burned before the king. The offering of incense has formed a part of the religious ceremonies of most an- cient nations. The Egyptians burned resin in honor of the sun at its rising, myrrh when at its meridian, and a mixture called kuphi at its setting (Wilkinson, Anc. Egypt.x, 315). Plutarch {De Is. et Os. c. lii, Ixxx) de- scribes kuphi as a mixture of sixteen ingredients. "In the temple of Siva incense is offered to the Lingam six times in twenty-four hours" (Roberts, Oriental Illust. p. 368). It was also an element in the idolatrous worship of the Israelites (Jer. xi, 12, 17 ; xlviii, 35 ; 2 Chron. xxxiv, 25).