I
INDEX
551
INDIA
in the said decree; this law and coudition being added, that au authentic copy of the book to be printed, si;,-ued by the author liimself, shall remain in the hands of the examiner: and it is tlie judgment of the fathers of the present deputation, that those persons who publish works ill manuscript, before they have been examined aud ap- proved, should be subject, to the same penalties as those who i)riut them ; and that those who read or possess them should be considered as the authors, if the real authors of such writings do not avo\v themselves. The approba- tion given in writing shall be placed at the head of the books, whether printed or in manuscript, that they may appear to be duly authorized; aud this examination and apjirobation, etc., shall be granted gratuitously. More- over, in cvciy city and diocese, the house or place where the art of iilinling is exercised, and also the shops of booksellers, shall be frequently visited by persons deputed by the bishop or his vicar, conjointly with the inquisitor, 60 that uothiiiji- that is prohibited may be printed, kept, or sold. Booksellers of every description shall keep a catalogue of the books which they have on sale, signed by the said deputies ; nor shall they keep, or sell, nor in any way dispose of any other books without permission from the deputies, under pain of forfeiting the books, and being liable to such other penalties as shall he judged proper hy the bishop or inquisitor, who shall also punish the buye'rs, readers, or printers of such works. If any person import foreign books into any city, they shall be obliged to announce them to the deputies ; or if this kind of merchandise be exposed to sale in any public place, the public officers of the place .shall signify to the said depu- ties that such books have been brought ; and no one shall presume to give, to read, or lend, or sell any book which he or any other person has brought into the city, until he has shown it to the deputies, and obtained their permis- sion, unless it be a work well known to be universally allowed. Heirs aud testamentary executors shall make no use of the books of the deceased, nor in any way trans- fer them to others, until they have presented a catalogue of thena to the deputies, and obtained their license, under pain of coutiscation of the books, or the infliction of such other punishment as the bishop or inquisitor shall deem proper, according to the contumacy or quality of the de- linquent. With regard to those books which the fathers of the present deputation shall examine, or correct, or de- liver to be corrected, or permit to be reprinted on certain conditions, booksellers aud others shall he bound to ob- serve whatever is ordained roiii'itin- ilK'ni. The bish- ops aud general inquisitors sli.ll, nrMMi lielcss, be at lib- erty, according to the power llicy |)i is-c^>, to prohibit such books as may "seem to be permitted l)y ilir-c rules, if they deem it necessary for the good of the kiiijdiiin. m- prdv- iuce, or diocese. And let the secretnrv ,ii ih. -,• i.uIums, according to the command of our holy railier, traiismir to the notary of the general inquisitor the names of the books that have been corrected, as well as of the persons to whom the fathers have granted the power of examina- tion. Finally, it is enjoined on all the faithful, that no one presume to keep or read any books contrary to these rules, or prohibited by this index. But if any one read or keep any books composed by heretics, or the writings of any author suspected of heresy or false doctrine, he shall instantly incur the sentence of excommunication ; and those who read or keep works interdicted on another account, besides the mortal sin committed, shall be se- verely punished at the will of the bishops" (Labbei SS. Concilia, xiv, 952-956).
This Index of Pins IV was published at Rome by Aldus Manutius (1564), and afterwards revised and en- larged by Gregory XIII, Sixtus V, Clement VIII (1595).
2. Index Expurgatorius.— Pope SLxtus V intro- duced a series of works which, after expunging certain obnoxious passages, could be allowed to be read. This list received the name of Inihx llhi-orum exjmrf/aiido- runi or expurrjatorius. It was first published by order of the duke ,i\Jba, under the style Index exjnirr/atorius librorum, qui hoc sceculo prodierunt (Antwerp, 1751, aud republished since). Other lists of prohibited books, on the model of that of Rome, were, liowever, published ia other countries, especially in Spain (most of them under Philip II in Madrid, in 1577 and 1584) and in Italy. John JMaria BrasiclieUen or Urasichelli (prop- erly Wcnzel of Brisigella) prepared, witli tlie aid of tlie Dominican Tomas Malvenda, an Index styled Index expurrjatorius cura J. M. Brasichellani, Mag. Palat. Romas (1G07), but this, far from being approved of at head-quarters, was itself ])ut in the Romish Index lihr. prohib. The Spanish inquisitor general, Antonio a So- tomajor, published a Xorisximis librorum prohibitorum et expurffdudorum Index (:\Iadrid, 1G4)S), which is higli- ly praised for its completeness. The Romish Index was republished in 1818, but has since received, aud is con- stantly receiving, numerous additiocs. i
The Congregation of the Index was originally estab- lished by pope Pius V. It holds its sittings at Rome, and has the right of examining generally all books which concern faith, morals, ecclesiastical discipline, or civil society; on which it passes judgment, for sup- pressing them absolutely, or directing them to be cor- rected, or allowing them to be read with ])recaution, and by certain persons. Persons specially deputed by it may give permission to Romanists througliout the world to read prohibited books; and the jienalty de- nounced against those who read or keep any books sus- pected of heresy or false doctrine is the greater ex- communication; and those who read or keep works interdicted on any other account, besides the mortal sin committed, are to be severely puiiished at the will of tlie bishops. It is remarkable, however, that the Index is hardly in force at the present day, even in the most Romish-inclined countries. In Austria even, tlie faith- ful daughter of Rome, Maria Theresa forbade the publi- cation, and it is not to be expected that either her lib- eral successors or the priuces of other Roman Catholic countries, forced by the liberal spirit of the people to disobedient acts towards Rome, should permit the pub- lication in their dominions. It can, therefore, hardly be said to be any longer virtually in force, though in some countries its publication is permitted by special grant from the government. Baudri, in an article on this subject in Aschbach {Kirchen-Lex. iii, 444, a Ro- man Catholic work), concedes this, and says that even the countries boiuid by a concordat to an enforcement of the decisions of the Congregation of the Index fail to do their duty, and that books are constantly publish- ed without regard and consideration of the agreement entered into with Rome (comp. Eckardt, Modern Russia, p. 246 sq.). See Mendham, Literary Policy of the Church of Rome (Lond. 1830, 8vo) ; Cramp, Text-booh of Popery (London, 1851, 8vo), p. 419-428; Elliott, Delineation of Popery, bk. i ; Gibbings, Index Vaticanus, an exact Re- print of the Roman Index Kxpurgaforius (London. 1837, ^vtt); I'ci-iKit. DidinitiKiire critique litteraire et biblio- i/ni/>//i'pir ihs jiriid ijiiiii.r lirres condamnes au feu, sup- primes ou censures (Paris, 1806); Herzog, Real-Encjj- Jclop. vi, 651 ; Eadie, Ecclesiastical Encyclopcedia, s. v. ; Buckley, Canons and Decrees of Trent, p. 284. See also Bible, Use of ; Censorship of Books.