last great missionary who was sent out from Halle was the apostolical Fr. Schwarz (q. v.), the results of whose work can still be traced. Gradually the Halle Society leaned on the English Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, which at last took entire charge of these missions. With regard to the differences of castes, the first missionaries had been earnestly opposed to their continuance in the Christian chiu-ches ; but this pohcy was subsequently changed, and the differences permit- ted to remain, on the ground that they were merely of a social character. In 1841 the Lutheran INIissionary Society of Dresden began to gather up again the scat- tered remnants of the old missionary societies in Tran- quebar, but in the prosecution of the work became in- volved in many difficulties with the other missionaiy societies which had taken charge of the Halle missions. This society is the only one among the missionary so- cieties now laboring in India which midertakes to vin- dicate the social, though not the religious standing of the caste. The recent mission in India begins witli the arrival of the Baptist missionarj', W, Carey, at Calcutta (Nov. 1793). He encountered from the start the formi- dable and entirely unexpected opposition of the East India Company, which hoped for larger commercial prof- its if it spared the religious belief and practice of the Hindus and Mohammedans, and therefore not only dis- couraged the establishment of Christian missions, but supported and defended the religious institutions of the native religions. The few chaplains who were sent out to attend the spiritual needs t»f the English in India were like the European residents in general, drunkards, servants of the mammon, and worldlings ; when, there- fore, the Rev. Henry INIartyn, one of the most zealous missionaries of that time, arrived in 1806 in Calcutta, and endeavored to kindle a missionarj^ spirit, he pro- voked thereby such a storm of indignation that he had to confine himself for some time to the reading of the homihes of the Church df England. When Carey land- ed in India, permission was refused to him to stay with- in the territory of the British dominions, and he was compelled to seek refuge in the small Danish possession of Serampoor (a few miles from Calcutta). Here he was hospitably received by the governor, who himself was a pupil of Schwarz, and under his auspic'es he began the Baptist mission, which has become of so great impor- tance for all India. Carey, who himself had mastered more than thirty Oriental languages, and the mission- aries Marshman and Ward, caused the translation of the Bible into more than twenty languages of India, the compilation of grammars, dictionaries, school-books, and many learned works on the histor}', religions, and cus- toms of India, new editions of the chief works of the na- tive literatures, and thus, even where they did not suc- ceed in forming new congregations, they smoothed the way for subsequent missionary labors. In 1803. the in- defatigable Carey, who in 1800 had been appointed pro- fessor of Sanscrit and other Oriental languages at Fort WiUiam (Calcutta), was allowed to begin a mission in Calcutta, which was at first intended only for English, Portuguese, and Armenian Christians, but was soon join- ed by several converted Hindus and JMoliammedans. Soon a converted Hindu. Krishna, appeared in public as a preacher, and l)y liis impressive sermons organized the first native congregation in Bengal. This success of the Baptist mission encouraged a number of the chap- lains of the government to labor for the removal of the obstacles which the East India Company placed in the way of Christianity. David Brown, Henri,' Jlartjm, Thomas Thomason, Daniel Corrie, and Claudius Buchan- an, and many others, distinguished themselves by estab- lishing schools and seminaries, by literarj' labors, by ap- pointing native preachers and teachers, and, in general, by their great zeal on the missionary field. The trans- lation of the Bible by H. INIartyn, and the labors of the Mohammedan Abdul Jlessih, who was converted by him, were especially productive of great results. But more than all his predecessors, it was the Rev. CI. Buchanan
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who succeeded in overcoming those hindrances which had prevented the free propagation of Christianity throughout India. After having travelled through a large portion of the coiuitry, and acquired a minute knowledge of the people, he returned in 1807 to Eng- land, and hy .a number of works endeavored to gain public opinion for a -radical change in the admuiistra- tion of India. His writings produced a great effect, and when, in 1813, the charter of the East India Company was renewed, the English Parliament passed resolutions which granted to all British subjects the right to estab- lish scliools and missions in India, and compelled the company to provide itself schools and seminaries for the instruction of the natives. This was followed by a number of other reforms, as the prohibition of burning of widows (1829), and of a further payment of temple and pilgrim taxes (1833 and 18-10), and the admission of native Christians to the lower offices of administra- tion. Full liberty for missionary operations was finally given in 1833, when a resolution of the British Parlia- ment allowed all foreigners to settle in British India, and thus opened the field to all non-British missionary societies of the world.
The first bishopric of the English Church in India was established at Calcutta in 1814. The first bishop, Dr. Jliddleton, a rigid High-Churchman, was more noted for his quarrels with the ministers of other denomina- tions than for missionary zeal. His successor, Heber (q. v.), on the contrary, though likewise a High-Church- man, was indefatigable in his devotion to the missionary causCj and sternly opposed the toleratLon of caste differ- ences among the converts. His work was continued in the same way by his successor, Wilson (died 1858). In 1835 other bishoprics were established at Bombay and Mach-as, and the bishop of Calcutta received the title of Metropolitan of India.