VI. For further literature and discussion of the sub- ject, see Bp. Philpot's Letters to Mr. Butler, p. 151-153; Hales, Analysis of Chronology, vol. ii, pt. ii, p. 1019-22; Mendham, Spiritual Venality of Rome (London, 1836, 12mo); Mendham, Venal hidnhicmrs and Pardons of the Church of Rome exem/}lif id (Lnu(\. IK>'.), 12mo) ; Ferra- ris, Bibliotheca Promla, s. v. ; Elliott, Jiclinealion of Ro- mttnism,hQdk ii, ch. xiii; Herzog, Renl-Encykioj). i, 67; Neander, History of Doctrineit, ii, 51)4; Neander, Church History, iii, 52, isS; v, 180, 280; Mosheim, Ch. History, bk. iv, cent, xvi, § 1, ch. i and ii; D'Aubigne, History of the Reformation, bk. iii; Amort, De Oiiyine, etc., iw» ilulf/entiarum (Aug. Vind. 1735, fol.) ; Hirscher, Lehre v. Ablnss (Tubing. 1844); Gieseler, Church Hist, ii, § 35, 81 ; Hook, Church Dictionary, s. v.; Eadie, Ecclesiastical Dictionai'y, s. v. ; Cramp, Text-book of Popery, ch. xix ; Bungener, Hist, of the Council of Trent, p. 518-530 ; Ull- mann, Reformers before the Reformation, i, 235 sq. ; Ber- gier. Diet, de Theoloyie, iii, 398.
Indult (Latin indullus, participle of indulyeo, I in- dulge) signifies in ecclesiastical law a peculiar form of dispensation granted by the pope from the requirements of the ordinary law. Thus the power of bestowing bene- fices is granted to cardinals or princes by an indult from the pope.
Industrial Schools. In Germany, Great Brit- ain, France, and in the United States, efforts have of late years been made to combine with the general rudi- mentary education of the common school the teaching of the mechanical arts and of agriculture, and thus to afford the poorer classes the advantages of a literary and industrial education within a smaller limit than former- ly, thereby greatly alleviating the wants which are so frecpient among them. " In elementary schools for girls, industrial work, to the extent of sewing, shaping, knit- ting, and netting, has been almost universally intro- duced, and forms one of the most important and inter- • esting features of female primary education, more espe- cially in Great Britain ; bait the attempt to connect with
INDWELLING SCHEME
569
INFALLIBILITY
these subjects instruction in cooking, wasliing, and iron- ing has been tried as yet only to a limited extent, and has been only partially successful. In ragged schools, on the other hand, no department of the school-work seems to thrive better, partly because it enters so large- ly into" the scheme of instruction, partly because the children arc removed from the control of parents. In England the ragged schools are recognised bj^ the Leg- islature as 'industrial schools,' and may be defined as schools in which the pupils are fed and clothed (wholly or partially), as well as taught the elements of an ordi- nary education, and the practice of some trade. By a statute passed in 18G1, children under 14 found vagrant or begging or convicted of petty oifences, may be sent by a magistrate to an industrial school that has been certified by the home secretary. Parents also, on pay- ing for board and lodging a small sum, may place they children in industrial schools if they can show that they are unable to control them. The treasury may contrib- ute to the maintenance of these schools on the repre- sentation of the home secretary. If a child abscond from the school before he is 15, the justices may send him back, or place him in a reformator}- school (q. v.). In 18G1 there were in England 23, and in Scotland IG industrial schools, and the number of pupils attending was respectively 1574 in the former, and 1606 in the lat- ter" (Chambers, s. v.). In Germany, these schools prove even a greater boon to the poorer classes than elsewhere, especially to orphans. By law every child is obliged to attend school until confirmation (about 14 years of age), and the acquirement of some trade enables children of 14 to begin work to advantage, and earn at least their own livelihoodt if they may not even aid in the support of their parents or other near relatives. It is to be hoped that in the United States the generous spirit of the different Christian societies will especially further this work, and make industrial schools numerous in all our large cities at least. (J. H. W.)
Indwelling Scheme, a name used by some Eng- lish theologians to denote a theory derived from Col. ii, ix : " 111 him dwelleth all the fulness of the Godhead bodily ;" which, according to some, asserts the doctrine of Christ's consisting of two beings ; one the self-exist- ent Creator, and the other a creature, made into one per- son by an ineffable union and bidweUin;/, which renders the same attributes and honors equally appUcable to both. See Ciiristology.
Indwelling Sin. See Sin.
Ineffabilis Deus. See Immaculate Concep- tion.
Inerrancy. See Indefectibilitv.
Infallibility is the quality of being incapable either of being deceived, or of leading otiiers astray. Romanists, while acknowledging that God alone is nat- urally infiillible, maintain that he has been pleased to transmit tliis quality, to some undefined extent, to the Church and to the popes, so that they are infallible in their decisions on all points of doctrine.
I. Infallibility of the Cuurcil— The following is a condensed view of the infallibility of the Church of Rome, as collected from her own authors. Dens affirms. " That the Church, in matters of laith and manners, can by no means err, is an article of belief. jMoreover, in- fallibility in the Church may be considered in a twofold point of view : the one active and authoritative, which is called infallibility in teaching and defining ; the other passive or submissive {ohcdienknUs), which is called in- falUbillty in learning and believing. Infallibility, consid- ered in the first sense, refers to the Church with respect to the head or chief pontiff, and the prelates of the Church; although this infallibihty would not regard the laity or inferior pastors; for, as a man is said to see, although his vision does not apply to all his members, but to his eyes only, so the Church, in like manner, is said to be infalUble, although this infallil>ility refers only to the prelates. But if the Chiu-ch is not" consid-