INQUISITION
605
INSCRIPTIONS
called tlie Compromise, was formed, which energetically but humbly made the same re<iuest (Schrockh, Kirchm- gesch. iii, 390 si\.). Ai"ter some delay tliis was accom- plished in 1567. Shortly after, however, the terriljle Alba was dispatched to the Netlierlands with unlimited power. Margaret was forced to resign tlie regency, and he now proceeded with unheard-of cruelty against tliose who liad become suspected, or whose riches attracted liiin. Upon tlie U>th of February, 1508, by a sentence of the holy office, (dl the inhabitants of the Netherlands were condemned to death as heretics. " From this luii- versal doom only a few persons especially named were excepted. A proclamation of the king, dated ten days later, confirmed this decree of the Inquisition, and or- dered it to he carried into instant' execution. . . . Three millions of people, men, women, and children, were sen- tenced to the scaffold in three lines" (JMotley, Bise of the Dutch Republic, ii, 155). But even with these meas- ures they failed in uprooting the IJeformation as a dan- gerous heresy, and in 1573, when the provinces had al- most become a waste, and depopulated by the emigra- tion of hundreds of thousands and the execution of thousands of its most valuable citizens, Philip saw him- self under the necessity of recalling the duke. The les- son that had been taught Spain was, however, insuffi- cient to incline her to moderation. Philip now, as much as ever, was determined to uproot heresy by force, and these further attempts resulted finally in the inde- pendence of the northern provinces of the Netherlands, by a formidable union which they formed at Utrecht in 1579, and which the peace of Westphalia guaranteed to them. In the southern provinces the Jesuits continued to rule for a time, but soon there also the spirit of free- dom abrogated their power, and the Inquisition, "all- seeing as Providence, inexorable as the grave ; not in- flicting punishment which the sufferer could remember, but remorselessly killing outright ; not troubling itself to ascertain the merits of a case, and giving the accused the benefits of a doubt, but regarding suspicion and cer- tainty as the same thing," was driven from the land.
Countries outside of Europe. — The Inquisition was introduced into the transatlantic countries also by Por- tugal, and especially by Spain, to which "the see of Rome, in virtue of the universal authority which it ar- rogated, had granted all the countries which she might discover beyond the Atlantic," and the Spaniards, re- flecting tliat they had expelled the Jews, the hereditary and inveterate enemies of Christianity, from their coasts, and overturned the Jlohammedan empire which had been establislied for ages in the Peninsula, began to con- sider themselves as the favorites of Heaven, destined to propagate and defend the true faith, and " tlius the glory of the Spanish arms became associated with the extirpation of heresy." In the New World the Inqui- sition established its power, especially in Mexico. It was also terribly severe in Carthagena and Lima. By the Portuguese it was taken to East India, and had its chief seat at Goa. Under John VII of Portugal it was, after it had undergone several modifications, wholly abolished both in Brazil and East India.
Literature. — Nieol Eymericus, Directorium inquisito- rum (Barcelona, 1503 ; Kome, 1578, etc. ; with commen- taries by Pegna, Venice, 1607); Ursini, flispan. inquisi- tionis et carnijicincs secretiora (Antw. 1011); Limborch, Ilistoria Inquisitionis (Amst. 1692) ; Pliim, Ursprunrj u. Absichten d. I. ; Jlaurique, Sammlunr/ d. Instructionen d. Spanischeii I. (1630) ; Cramer, Briefe ii. die I. (Leipzig, 178-1-85, 2 vols.) ; Erzdhlun//en v. d. Stiftung, etc., der I. (Cologne, 178-1); Llorente, Hist, critique de r Inquisition d'Espar/ne (Par. 1815-17, i vols.); Ant. Puigblauch, />;> entlarrte I. (\Veimar, 1817) ; Sarpi, Discorso dell Oriyine deW Uffizio deir Inquiiitiom (1639\ a very able, though short sketch ; Rule, Hist, of Inquisition (ed. l\v Dr. Har- ris) ; Griitz, Gesch. d. .luden, viii, chap, xii, xiii ; ix, chap. vii,-\-iii; X, 99 sq.; Leckey, llist.of Ratiomdism (see In- dex); WQnc, Hht.ofthe Rfform'iitiim in Itahj ; Hist, of the Reformation in Spain ; IMihnan, Lat. Christ, (see In-
j dox) ; Pankc, Hist, of the Papacy (see Index) ; Schobcrl, I l\r^,r„fin„.< ufPnp, nj. i. 102 wj. ; Prescott, Ferd. ami Is- ah< III, [ sec Iii.lcx 1 ; J'hilip II (see Index); Motley, Hist. j if Iitiuh Hipidili,' (see Index); Chambers, Tyc/o/^. s. v. ; llcr/.o^. i;<iil-l'.i)ciiklnp. vi, 677 sq. ; Brockhaus, Conver- s(ili'iii.<-I.i.rihi//. viii. 271 sq. ; Quart. Rev. vi,'SVo sq. ; x. 2( (1 M |. ; l!l,i,L;r„„d's Ma;/. XX, 70 sq. ; N. A . Rev. Ixxx, 504 sij. ; .laim^. I'njir and lit,' I 'mniril. p. 235 sq. ; English Rer. xi, A:\s : < ',.,//. mi,. I!, r. Jnlv. IMilt, p. 455; Method. Quart. R,r. April, 1^70. p. :',()[)■ l^,.^•^ Rev. 1850, p. 177; als(p l!riii.<li C/i/ic of 1827, and Museum of Forih/n Lit. ami Sfu-iii-'- ( I'liihi.) of the same year, in which appeared a critiial survey of a number of works treating on the Inquisition ; IJule, The Brand of Dominic, or the Inquisi- tion at Rome supreme and universal (Lond. 1852, 12mo) ; (Roman Catholic), B. Vicuna Mackenna, /'ro/ic/.-ro .1/"//- en, or the Inquisition as it vms in South A merira (Lond. 1809, 8vo) ; Balmez, Catholicism and Protestantimti com- pared in Relation to Civilization ; Herculano, Da oriqem e establecimento da inquisigao em Portuqal (Lissabon, 1854- 1856, 2 vols.) ; Fleury, Hist. Eccles. v, 266 et al. (J. H.W.)