2. Besides the inscriptions on graves, which Rettberg first made useful to Church history, there are also sa- cred inscriptions, which we find partly upon glass, part- ly upon coins, gems, lamps, amulets, crosses, dishes, and other works of art. The more ancient Christian inscrip- tions have not yet been sufficiently sought for. In the collections of Fabretti, Reinesius, Gruter, Muratori, Do- nati, Castelli, Spon, Osann, Orelli, etc., they are badly in- jured. For descri lotions of them, consult P'ranz, who speaks of the following: Unsin. lioma sof/frirnira (Home, 1G51); P. Aringhi, Noiiki. subterrawa unrt's.^iniii (K'omc, 1C57; Paris, IC.uD), vols, i and ii ; BoUvHi.lhs, rr,r-i<mi snpni i cimiteri de' sriiiH martiri ed anticlii chriatiani (Rome, 1720) ; Banduri, Numismata impp. Rom. a Trcii- aiio Dicio ad pakeologos Augustos (Paris, 1718), vols, i, ii ; Eckhel, Doctr. Numm. vol. A'iii ; Bellori, Lucemce ve- teres (Col. 1702) ; Ficoroni, Gemmce ant. lilt. Rome ; Bu- onaruoti, Osserrazioni gnpra alcuni vasi antichi di vef?-o (Firenz. 1716) ; Scroux (l'Aginci>urt, lli^toire dc I'dii par les mniiumeiifs, etc. (Paris, l.S-_>;i ). vul.-. i-iv; Krclis, /,//;- sanotheca WeUbtirffeim.f (bSi'O); Jf.woin-.-^ dr rinstltnt Royal de France (1837, 1838), vol. iii. The following are not mentioned by Franz ; the treatise of PcUicia, De re lapidaria et siglis vet. Christian., in his Cliristianm ecclesice politia (ed. Braun, Coloniie, 1838), iii, 1 1 1-297 ; Kopp, Palceogr. Critic (Mannhemii, 1829), vols, iii and iv ; Mai, or rather jNIarini, Inscriptiones ChriHiaiue, in ]Mai, Script, veterum nova collectio (Rome, 1831), vol. v, a work that leaves untreated much to be wished for. Earlier undertakings are spoken of by Mai in his introduction, p. viii to XV. For the inscriptions at Naples, consult the works concerning the Catacombs there found ; for those at Milan, Givo,Lf'/«/.s' intomo dlciini mnnumeriti epigrafi- ci christiani scopi rt i in Mi/, mo rnimo M !)('( 'CXUIndV insignehasilicadi giiiif Aiiihri>;i'M (Milan, ls-_>4,r(il.) ; and the same, Intomo alcuni momtmenii cpiiiriijli-i ijiidUe- schi e christiani scoperti nelV insigne hasilicd di S. Sim- pliciano (in the Giornale delV J.R. InsliiKtu l.oudxirdo di Science, Lettere ed A rti, vol. iii, Milan, 1842) ; fir those at Verona, iMaffei's Museum Veronense (Vcrona>, 1749), p. 178-184. For those at Autun, comp. Franz, Das christ- liche Denkmal (Berl. 1841, 8vo), in German and French. For Treves, see the works of Lersch, especially his Cen- tral Museum Rkeinldndischer Imchriften (Bonn, 1842), iii, 29-48; Steiner, Cod mscn^.-Mcw, No. 829-849; Wyt- tenbach, Neue Beitrdge z, antiken, heidnisch. u. christl. L'pigi-aphik (Treves, 1833) ; and others. For later epi- graphs of the Middle Ages, see Otte, .•l&m« e. kii-chl. Kunst-Archaeol. d. Mlth!,dters (Nordhausen, 1845), p. 71-92 ; Mentie, in Didron, .1 nnalos A rcheologiques, i, lOG. For inscriptions still later, see Galletti, Inscriptiones Ro- mance inflmi mvi (Rome, 1760), vols, i-iii ; iMorcelli, Op. Epigraph. (Patavii, 1823), vols, iv and v ; Hiipsch, Epi- grammatographie (Cologne, 1801), vol. ii. See Aschbach, Kirchen-Lex. iii, 484 sq. ; Martigny, Diet, des A ntiquites, p. 315 sq. ; and especially Maitland, Church in the Cata- combs (London, 1846. 8vo), from which we have freely quoted. (J. H. W.) '
Insect. The following is a complete list of all the specimens of entomology mentioneil in the canonical Scriptures (including their products), together with their names in the original and in the A.Y. See Zo- ology.
INSPIRATION"
"spider," spider,
"scorpiori," scorpion,
"locust," locust,
"locust," locust,
"swarms," gad-fly.
"moth," moth,
"grasshopper," locust,
"frost," ant? (destructive),
"beetle," locust (edible),
"locust," locust,
"bee," bee.
"palmer-worm," locust (grub),
"locust," locust.
'grasshopper,"
locust, guar.
'scarlet,"
kermes (worm).
'gnat,"
fly (in wine\
'silk,"
fine thread.'
'ant,"
ant.
'flea,"
flea.
'moth,"
moth.
'silk,"
silk.
'moth,"
moth.
'scorpion,"
scorpion.
'bald locust,"
locust (edible).
' locust,"
cricket.
'hornet,"
hornet.
Akkahtsh',
Alcrdb',
A kris,
ArbeW,
ArnV,
Aslu
Cliwidb,'
ClMnamaV,
Clianiol',
CliasH',
Deborah',
Gazchn',
Geb,
Gi'b,
Ken,
Klikkrs,
Ki'nrps,
Me'Hlu,
Xemuldh',
ParOsh',
Sets,
S:y%k6n,
SS,
Skhrp)cs,
Solum',
TsaltsuV,
TsirdW,
i-^''^^. {"?^;:??^^JI?^!"'"}— St (hairy).
Zcbiih', "fly," fly.
Insermentes or Refractaires, a title of those of the French Roman Catholic clergy wlio were disloyal to the Revolution. August Iti, 17M9, tlie National A.s- sembly proposed to apjiropriate the property' of the Church, which then covered about one fifth of the sur- face of France, yielding an annual revenue of three hun- dred million francs, and by an act of Feb. 13, 1790, this became a law. Thus the great body of the clergy, who, patriotic in their aspirations, and suffering from the ;iliusis of power, had hailed the advent of the Revolu- lidu with joy, now finding their dearest interests and privileges assailed, were forced into the position of re- actionaries, and soon became the objects of suspicion and of persecution. To determine those who opp(>.sed the Revolution, the progressives devised a test-oath ob- ligatory on all ecclesiastics, and lists were kept to dis- tinguish between loyalists and disloyalists. " Harmless as the oath was in appearance M'hen it was tendered in Dec. 1790, five sixths of the clergy throughout the king- dom refused it. Those who yielded to the pressure were termed assermentes, the recusants infiermentes or refractaires, and the latter, of course, at once became the determined opponents of the new regime, the more dangerous because they were the only influential parti- sans of reaction belonging to the people. To their ef- forts Avere attributed the insurrections which in La Ven- dee and elsewhere threatened the most fearful dangers. They were accordingly exposed to severe legislation. A decree of Nov. 29, 1791, deprived them of their sti- pends and suspended their functions; another of Mar 27, 1792, authorized the local authorities to exile them on the simple deniniciation of twenty citizens. Under the Reign of Terror their persons were exposed to fla- grant cruelties, and a priire refractaire was generally re- garded, «/?so/«c/o, as an enemy of the Republic." — Lea, Hist, of Sacerdotalism, p. 647 sq. ; Pressense, Reign of Terror (transl. by Prof. Lacroix), p. 60 sq. (J. H. W.)