On the part of the Lutherans were added by Flacius, Clavis Scripture Sacree (Basileae, 1537, and often re- printed in two volumes) ; by Johann Gerhard, Tractatus de Legiiima Script. Sacrce Infei-pretatione (Jense, 1610); by Solomon Glassius, Philologice Sacrce libri quinque (.Jenae, 1623, and often reprinted) ; by Jacob Rambach, Institutiones Hermeneuticee Sacrce (Jen«, 1723).
On the part of the Calvinists there were furnished by Turretin, Be Scrij^turce Sacrce Interpretatione Tractatus Bijxirtitus (Dordrecht, 1723, and often reprinted). In the English Church were produced by Herbert IMarsh Lectures on the Criticism and Interpretation of the Bible (Cambridge, 1828).
Since the middle of the last century it has been usual to treat on the Old -Testament hermeneutics and on those of the New Testament in separate works : for in- stance, Meyer, I'ersf/r/i einer Hermeneutik des Alien Tes~ tamentes (Li'ibcck, 1799) ; Pareau, Lnstitutio Interpietis Veteris Testamenti (Trajecti, 1822); Ernesti, Institutio Tnte?'pretis Novi Testamenti (Lipsiae, 17G1, ed. 5ta., cu- rante Ammon, 1809; translated into English by Terrot, Edinburgh, 1833) ; Morus, Sup)er Jlermeneutica Novi Testamenti acroases academicce (ed. Eichstiidt, Lipsiaj, 1797-1802, in two volumes, but not completed) ; Keil, I^ehrbuch der Hermeneutik des Neuen Testamentes, nach Grundsdtzen der gi'ammatisch-historisehen Lnterpretution (Leipzig, 1810; the same work in Latin, Lipsiie, 1811) ; Conybeare, The Bampton Lectures for the year 1824, be- ing an attempt to trace the History and to ascertain the limits of the secondary and spiritual Interpretation of Scripture (Oxford, 1824) ; Schleicmacher, Hermeneutik und Kriiik mit besondei-er Beziehung aufdas Neue Tes- tament (edited by Liicke, Berlin, 1838). The most com- plete is Klausen, Hermeneutik des Neuen Testamentes (from the Danish, Leipzig, 1841); Wilke, Z»te Herm-e- iiiiitik il(.< Xiiiiii TiMiiinintis si/strmiitisch dargestellt (l>ci])zit;-, isi:;i: S. Dax-idsoii's Snrrnl Hermeneutics de- rilniHil lui'l iiiij,r„,l; iiichnlin;/ a HiMnry of Biblical Interjn-itiiiiiiii I'ruiii tlie earliest of the Fathers to the Ref- ormatiini { Mdi'iihiirgh, 1843).
For lists cildtlier works on the subject, see Walch, Bib- liiilhiin Tliiiiliigiai, iv, 206 sq.; Danz, rnirer.-^al ]VOrter- liiirli, 1 1. :lsi- sq. ; Append, p. 46; Darling, Cyclopedia Jii/i/iiignipliica, ii, 31 scj. ; Malcolm, Theolngiral JiHlex,p. 218.
Interregnum. The interregnum from the time <if the execution of Charles I to the accession of Charles II to the throne of England is one of the most impor- tant periods in the ecclesiastical history of that country. It was during this period that the Episcopal Church, " which had been reared by the wealth and power of the state, and cemented with the tears and blood of dissentients," was hurled to the ground, and Presbyte- rianism, and for a time even Congregationalism, gained the ascendency. But, to the justice of the latter, it must be said that the Congregationalists, or, rather, the Independents, never actually sought to establish their religion as the religion of the state, while Presbyterian- ism struggled hard to enforce uniformity to her creed. Stoughton says (in his Eccles. Hist, of England since the Restoration, i, 49), "It Avas with Pr'esbytcrianism thus situated, rather than with Independency, or any other ecclesiastical systems, that Episcopacy came first into competition and confiict after the king's (Charles II) return." Some writers deny the possibility of an inter-
INTERROGATIOXES MARI^ 029
DnTOLERANCE
regnum in the English government as it then existed, because, say they, " there can be legally no interregnum in a hereditary monarchy like that of England," and hold that the reign of Charles 11 is " always computed in le- gal language as commencing at the execution of Charles I." See Bogue and Bennett, Hkt. of Dissenters (•2d ed. Lond. 1h:>;>, i, &i^ s(|. See also England, Church of;
iNDKriCNDKMS; 1'I;KS15YTEUIANS. (J. H.W.)
Interrogationes Marias, an apocryphal work. See I'sKrixKiUAiMi.
Interstitia Temporum. The Council of Sar- dica established the principle " Potest per has promo- tiones (i. e. to consecrate), quie hahehunt uiique prolixum tempus, probari, qua fide sit, qua modestia, qua gravi- tate et verecundia, et si dignus fuerit probatus, divino sacerdotio illustretur, quia conveniens non est, nee ratio vel disciplina patitur, ut temere et leviter ordinetur episcopus aut presbyter aut diaconus . . . sed hi, quo- rum jxr loiif/iim tempus examinata sit vita et werifaj'ue- rint comprobatn.^' Consequently everj' member of the clergy was obhged to spend a preparatory interval (in- 'terstitium) before he could be promoted from a lower to a higher order {oixlo) {Dist. 59, c. 2). This principle was also observed concerning the consecration for the lo^^■er orders of the priesthood while special ecclesiasti- cal functions were attached to them, but, as their ear- lier ch.'iracter changed, the discipline also became more lax as regards the time of probation (see Bist. 77, c. 2, 3, 9). After the consecration to these lower offices had come to be considered a mere formality for the transi- tion to higher ordines, the observation of these proba- tions was also neglected. The Council of Trent at- tempted to restore the old customs concerning the lower degrees of the priesthood (c. 17, Sess. 23, De Beform.), and stated expressly that "per temporum interstitia, nisi aliud episcopo expedirc niagis videretur, conferan- ttir, ut . . . in unoquoquc munere juxta pra?scriptum episcopi se exerceant" (c. 11, etc.); yet this had but little or no effect, and it is even usual in some Eoman Catholic countries to confer at once the tonsure and all the lower orders. The Council of Trent decided also that between the lower consecration and the higher, and between each of these, there should be an interval of one year, " nisi necessitas aut ecclesire utilitas aliud exposcat" (c. 11, 13, 14, etc.), but that "duo sacri ordi- nes non eodem die, etiam regularibus, conferantur, priv- ilegiis ac indultis quibusvis concessis non obstantibus quibuscunque" (c. 1.3, etc. ; compare also c. 13, 15, X. De temp. ord. i, 11 ; c. 2, X. De eo qvifurtii: v, 30). These years of interval are computed, not according to the cal- endar, but according to the Church year. With regard to the right of dispensation conceded to the bishops by the Council of Trent (c. 11, cit.), the Conijrefiatio Con- cilii decided that the simultaneous administration of the ordines minores and the subdeaconship is a punishable offence (No. 1, ad c. 11, cit. in the edition of Schulte and Richter). See Thomassen, Vet. et nor. eccl. discipl. i, 2, c. 35, 36; Van Espen, Jus eccl. nnivers. i. 1, c. 2 ; ii, 0, c. 5 ; Phillips, Kirchemrcht, i, G48 sq. ; Herzog, Eeal- Encykiopadie, vi, 707.