.cis, i, 3] ; c. 1-3, dist. li; c. 3, can. xxiii, qu. vi, etc.). Those who have accounts to settle are to do so before being ordained {Cone. Carthag. anno 348, c. 8 ; and c. 3, dist. liv, cap. un. X. "De obligatis ad ratiocinia ordi- nandis vel non," i, 19; c. 1, dist. Iv [{Jelasius, 494] ; c. l,dist. liii [Gregor. i, 598]). Those who are married require the consent of their wife, who is then to take the vow of chastity or to enter a convent (c. 6, dist. xxviii [Condi. A relat. ii, 461 ?] ; c. 8, X. " De clericis conjugatio" [iii, 3], Innocent III, an. 1207 ; comp. c. 5, 8, X. "De conversione conjugatorum" [iii, 32], Alex. Ill; c. 4, "De tempore ordinal." in vi [i, 9], Boniface VIII). According to Greek canon law the presbyter may be married; and it is only in case he should be made bishop that his wife is obliged to enter a convent (iConc. Tndliun. an. 692, c. 48). sent of their parents until they have reached the age of puber- ty (iixed at 14) (c. 1, can. xx, qu. ii; c. 5, dist. xxviii). See Thomassin, Vetus et nova eccle- site dlsciplina, part ii, lib. i, cap. xii-xcii ; Phillips, Kirchenrecht, vol. i, § 46-53.— Herzog, Real- Enciiklopddie, vii, 67 sq. See Ina'iumtv. (.1. N. P.)
Irresistible Grace. As already stated in the article on Grace, the word grace is the hinge of three great theological controversies. Oneof these, on ^fe^l the nature of depravity and re- ^X, generation, between the ortho- '
dox doctrine of the Church and Pelagianism, comprehends the question of irresistible grace. Some of the followers of Augus- tine, in their attempt to (
Pelagianism, says the Rev. O. Adolphus {Compendium Theolorjicum, p. 144, 3d edit. Cambridge, England, 1865), of the Church of England, and himself a believer in predestination, carry their views of the absolute predes- tination of a limited number to the ultimate attainment of salvation, through the influence of the irresistible grace of tJod causing i\ic\r final perseverance, to such an extreme in their logical deductions that there appeared persons who charged the Augustinian system with lead- ing to the dangerous conclusions that human actions are immaterial, and human efforts for the conversion of the wicked unavailing, in the face of God's /Vee (/ift of [/race in accordance with his secret decrees, pretleter- mined from everlasting. For the Arminian argument on the other hand, see Arjiinianism ; Election ; Puk- destixation; Will.
Irrigation. Gardens in the East anciently were, and still are, when possible, planted near streams, which afford the means of easy irrigation. (See the curious account of ancient garden irrigation in Pliny, Hist. Nat. xix, 4.) This explains such j)assages as Gen. ii, 9 sq., and Isa. i, 30. But streams were few in Palestine, at least such as afforded water in summer, when alone wa- ter was wanted for irrigation : hence rain-water, or wa-
Ancient Egyptians watering gardens hy buckets carried on the shoulder, and by means of the well-sweep.
ter from the streams which dried up in summer, was in winter stored up in reservoirs, spacious enough to con- tain all the water likely to be needed during the dry season. See Pool; Well. In fact, many of our own large nurseries are watered in the same manner from reservoirs of rain-water. The water was distributed Children need the con- | through the garden in numerous small rills, which trav-
Modem E^jj ptiau Skadi(/.
IR-SPIEMESH
662
IRVING
ersed it in all directions, and which were supplied either by a continued stream from the reservoir, or had water poured into them by the gardeners, in the manner shown in the Egyptian monuments (see Wilkinson, Arw. Eg. abridgm/i^ 33 sq.). See Garden. These rills, being turned and directed by the foot, gave rise to the phrase " watering bv the foot," as indicative of garden irriga- tion (Deut. xi, 10). Thus Dr. Thomson says {Land and Book, ii. 279), "I have often watched the gardener at this fatiguing and imhealthy work. When one place is sufficiently saturated, he pushes aside the sandy soil be- tween it and the next furrow with his foot, and thus continues to do until all are watered." The reference, however, may be to certain kinds of hydraulic machines turned by the feet, such as the small water-wheels u3ed on the plain of Acre and elsewhere. At Hamath, Da- mascus, and other places in Syria, there are large water- wheels, turned by the stream, used to raise water into aqueducts. But the most common method of raising water along the Nile is the Shadvf, or well-sweep and bucket, represented on the monuments, though not much used in Palestine. (On the whole subject, see Kitto, Nat. Hist, of Pal. p. ccxciii sq.). See Water,
Ir-she'mesh (Heb. id. d'^O ^'^2.', in pause 1'^S' dp'^, city o/the sun; Sept. tvoXiq Sa/utf, Vulg. Hirse- mes, id est civitas solis), a town on the border of Dan, mentioned between Eshtaol and Shaalabbin (Josh, xix, 41) ; probably the same as the Beth-shejiesh (q. v.) of Josh. XV, 10.
I'm (Hebrew Iru', ^"I'^S*, citizen; Sept, 'Hpa,Vulg. Ilir), the first-named of the sons of Caleb, the son of Jephuniieh (1 Chron. iv, 15). B.C. 1G18.
Irvine, Matiiew, a minister of the German Re- formed Church, was born in Cumberland Co., I'a., De- cember 22, 1817. In early life he was a school-teacher. On account of his piety and gifts he was made an elder in the Church. His call to the ministry then became more apparent to himself and to others, and he began the study of theology privately with his pastor, and in 1843 was licensed and ordained. He took charge of feeble and scattered German Reformed congregations in Bedford Co., Pa., where he did the work of a pioneer in a truly apostolic spirit. A number of separate charges were i'ormed from time to time out of parts of his field. His ministry' was greatly blessed, and the wilderness and solitary places all around became glad. He accom- plished the work of a long life in a comparatively few years, and died in peace April 21, 1857.