Jabruda ('lafSpovSci), a city of Palestine mention- ed by Ptolemy (v, 15), and as an episcopal city by St. Paidn {Geogr. Sucr. p. 294) ; now Yebrud, a village, but still the seat of a bishop ; rather more than an hour to tlie west of the great caravan road from Damascus to Homs, nearly midway between these two cities (Porter, Damascus, i, 360). — Van de Velde, Memoir, p. 323 ; Rob- inson, Later Researches, p. 556.
Ja'chan (Heb. Yakan', '|3"^, mourner; Sept. 'la- Xav V. r. 'lioaxav), one of seven chief Gadite "broth- ers" resident in Bashan (1 Chron. v, 13). B.C. between 1093 and 782. See also Akax.
Ja'chin (Heb. Yakin', '"'D'^, Jirm ,■ Sept. 'laxdv, 'Ia\iv), the name of three men and also of a pillar.
1. The fourth named of the sons of Simeon (Gen. xlvi, 10 ; Exod. vi, 15), called Jarib in 1 Chron. iv, 24. His descendants are called Jaciiinites (Heb. Yakini', i2-'3^, Sept. 'laxivi. Numb, xxvi, 12). B.C. 1856.
2. The head of the twenty-first "course" of priests as arranged by David (1 Chron. xxiv, 17). B.C. 1014,
3. One of the priests that returned to Jerusalem after the Exile (1 Chron. ix, 10; Neh. xi, 10). B.C. 536,
4. Jachin (Sept. in Kings 'laxoi'fi, Alex, 'laxoi'iv; but in Chron. KaropQiorrtg in both MSS. ; Josephus 'la- Xiv ; Vulg. Jachin, Jachini) and Boaz were tlie names of two columns (the former on the right hand [south], the latter on the left) set up (according to Phoenician style : compare Menander in .Josephus, Ant. viii, 5, 3 ; see Vatke's Bibl. Thenl. p. 324, 326 ; Movers, Phon. i, 293) in the porch (C5S5) of Solomon's Temple (1 Kings vii, 15-22; 2 Chron. iii, 17; comp. Jer. Iii, 21), and doubt- less of symbolical import (Simonis, Onomasticon, p. 430,
460). See Architecture; Temple, Each was eighteen cubits high and twelve g in circumference, or four in diameter. £^i They were formed of brass (copper or fe.'^ bronze, perhaps some more precious al- .-^ loy) four lingers in thickness (Jer. Iii, 21). g jj- The capitals (quadrangular, Jer. Iii, 23), B | also of brass, were five cubits high (1 c.3 Kings vii, 16; Jer. Iii, 22; 2 Chron. iii, .£tS 15). The description of the ornaments "Sc" (of the same metal, Jer. Iii, 22) of the J^-g^ capitals (1 Kings vii, 17 sq. ; compare 2 <= | Kings XXV, 17; 2 Chron. ii, 15; iv, 12; |^ Jer. Iii, 22) is much confused and obscure 5 '2 (Hitzig, Jerem. p. 423), either on account o-H of the brevity or in consequence of some ^ ^ corruption in the text, and it is therefore ^ no wonder that antiquarians (see Lamy, De Tabern.fwd. p. 1043 sfj. ; Meyer, Bldtt.f. hoh. Warh. i, 13 sq. ; ix, 31 sq. ; Grlincrsen, in the Stuttf/art. Kunstb, 1831, No. 77 sq. ; Keil, Tempel Salomons, p. 95 sq. ; Schnaase, Gesch. der hild. Kunste, i, 245, 280) and archi- tects (Schmidt, Biblic. Mathem. p. 253 sq.) should have varied greatly in their views and reconstructions on this point (compare Lamy, Tab. 18 ; Scheuchzer, Phys. sacr. iii, tab. 443 sq. ; see Meyer, ut sup.). It is clear, how- ever, that the capitals were swelling at the top. and lily- shaped (1 Kings vii, 18, 20; comp. Josoi)hus, Ant. viii, 3, 4). (For discussions of various points (•<inne(.tt'<l with the subject, see RosenmiiUer on Jer. Iii, 22 ; Meyer's Bi- beldeut. p. 257; Jahn, iii, 261; Movers, Chron. p. 253; Hirt, Gesch. d. Baukunst, tab. 3, fig. 20; Biittcher, Prob. alttest. Schriftausl. p. 335; Keil, Comment, on 1 Kings vi, 15. IMonographs on the subject have been written by J. G. ]\Iicliaelis, Frankft. 1733 ; linger, Lugd. 1733 ; and Kilchberger, Berl. 1783 ; especially INI. Plesken, De columnis ffms, Yiteb. 1719; also in Ugolini ThesauruSf x; compare the treatises of Lightfoot, Keil, Hirt, and Bardwell on Solomon's Temple.) — Winer, i, 520. See Boaz; Pillar.
Jachini, Abraham. See Lewi (Sabbaiai).
Ja'chinita (Numb, xxvi, 12). See Jachin 1.
Jacinth {liaKH'^oc, the hi/acinth), properly a flower of a deep purple or reddish blue (so vaicivSrwoQ, hyucin- thine, i. e. hyacinth-colored, "of jacinth," Rev. ix, 17); hence a precious stone of like color (Rev. xxi, 20). Con- siderable doubt prevails as to the real mineral thus des- ignated, if indeed any particiUar stone be intended, and not rather every purplish or azure gem. According to Dr. Moore {Anc. Mineralogy, p. 169), it is most nearly related to the zircon of modern mineralogists. The hyacinth or jacinth stone was of various colors, from white or pale green to purple-red. Pliny speaks of it as shining with a golden color, and in much iavor as an amulet or charm against the plague {Hist. Nat. xxxvii, 9). It occurs in the Sept. for DHri, Exod. xxv, 5 ; also for r?Dfl, Exod. xxvi, 4; but is usually supposed to represent the Heb. Cdb, "ligure" (q. v.) (RosenmiiUer, Bibl. A Iterihumsk. IV,'ij p. 38). See Gem.
Jackal, the Persic shaal, Turkish jakal, canis au- reus of Linnffius, has been thought to be denoted by several Hebrew words variously rendered in the Auth. Vers. See Fox ; Dragon ; Whelp, etc. It is a wild animal of the canine family [see Wolf; Dog], which in Persia, Armenia, likewise Arabia (Niebuhr, Beschr. 166), and even in Syria (Russel, Aleppo, ii, 61) and Pal- estine (around Jaffa, Gaza, and in tJalilee, Hasselquist, Trar. p. 271 ; among the hUls of Jud;Ba, Robinson, ii, 432; iii, 188), is frequently met with, attaining a large size (three and a half feet in length), and so closely resem- bling a fox in color and general appearance as to be at first readily mistaken for that animal. But the jackal has a somewhat peculiarly formed head, not greatly un- like that of a shepherd's dog, about seven inches long, with a yen' Dointed muzzle, and yeUowish-red hair,