It has been conjectured (Drusius, Michaelis, Grimm, 1 Mace, ix, 36) that the original text was imi^X "^33, " the sons of the Amorites," and that the reference is to a family of the Amorites who had in early times occu- pied the tmvn Medeba (ver. 36), on the borders of Keu- ben (Numb, xxi, 30, 31).— Smith.
James, or rather Jacobus (lciKwf3og, the Grajcized form of the name Jacob), the name of two or three per- sons mentioned in the New Test.
1. Jaaiks, thk son of Zebedee ('laK(i)f3og o tov Z«/3£t?nioi(), and elder brother of the evangelist John, by one or the other of which relationships he is almost al- ways designated. Their occupation was that of fisher- men, probably at Bethsaida, in partnership with Simon Peter (Luke v, 10). On comparing the account given in Matt, iv, 21, Mark i, 19, with that in John i, it would appear that James and John had been acquainted with our Lord, and had received him as the Messiah, some time before he called them to attend upon him statedly — a call with which they immediately complied. A.D. 27. Their mother's name was Salome (Matt, xx, 20 ; xxvii, 56; comp. with Mark xv, 40; xvi, 1). We find James, John, and Peter associated on several interesting occasions in the Saviour's life. They alone were pres- ent at the transfiguration (Matt, xvii, 1 ; Mark ix, 2 : Luke ix, 28) ; at the restoration to life of Jairus's daugh- ter (Mark v, 42; Luke viii, 51); and in the garden of Gethsemane during the agony (Mark xiv, 33 ; Matt, xxvi, 37 ; Luke xxi, 37). With Andrew they listened in jirivate to our Lord's discourse on the fall of Jerusa- lem (iMark xiii, 3). James and his brother appear to have indulged in false notions of the kingdom of the IMcssi.ah, and were led by ambitious views to join in the recpiest made to Jesus by their mother (Matt, xx, 20-23 ; JMark x, 35 ). From Luke ix, 52, we may infer that their temperament was warm and impetuous. On account, probably, of their boldness and energy in discharging their apostleship, they received from their Lord tlie ap- pellation of Boanerges (q. v.), or Sons of Thunder (for the various explanations of this title given by the fa- thers, see Suiceri Thes. Kecks, s. v. Wpnvriu and Liicke's Commentar, Bonn, 1840, Einleitung, c. i, § 2, p. 17). See John. James was the lirst martyr among the apostles (Acts xii, 1), A.D. 44. Clement of Alexandria, in a frag- ment preserved by Eusebius (//(V.AVc/e.?. i, 9), reports that the officer who conducted .Tames to the tribunal was so influenced by the bold declaration of his faith as to embrace the Gospel and avow himself also a Christian ; in consequence of which, he was beheaded at the same time.— Kitto.
For legends respecting his death and his connection with Spain, see the Roman Breviary (in Fcsf. S. Jac. . I/).), in which the healing of a paralvtic and the conversion IV.— B BB
of Hermogenes are attributed to him, and where it is as- serted that he preached the Gospel in Spain, and that his remains were translated to Compostella. See also the fourth book of the Apostolical History written by Abdias, the (pseudo) tirst bishop of Babylon (Abdias, De historia ceriuminis Apostolid, Paris, 1566) ; Isi- dore, J)e vita, et obitu S8. tttriusque Testam. No. LXXIII (Hagonow, 1529); Pope Calixtus IPs four sermons on St. James the Apostle {Bibl. I'atr. Ma;jn. xv, 324) ; INIa- riana, De Adventu Jacobi Aposloli Majoris in Ilispanium (Col.Agripp. 1609) ; iiixn<\ui\i',.'\/urfyrolot/i>(m Romanum ad Jul. 25, p.325 (Antwerp, 1 5.S9) ; IWlandus, .4 eta Sanc- torum ad Jul. 25, vi, 1-1 24 (Antwerp, 1729) ; Estius,C'aw»(. in Act. A p. c.:s^vi; Amiot.in dijliciliora loca S, Script. (Col. Agripp. 1622) ; Tillcmont, Memoires pour sercir a VHistoire Eeclesiastique des six premiers siecles, i, 899 (Brussels, 1706). As there is no shadow of foundation for any of the legends here referred to, we pass them by without further notice. Even Baronius shows himself ashamed of them; Estitis gives them up as hopeless; and Tillemont rejects them with as much contempt as his position would allow him to show. Epiphanius, without giving, or probably having any authority for or against his statement, reports that .St. James died un- married (S. Epiph. Adr. J/cer. ii, 4, p. 491, Paris, 1622), and that, like his namesake, he lived the life of a Naza- rite (ibid, iii, 2, 13, p. 104.5).— Smith.
2. Jasiks, THE "son" oi' An•II.^-:^s ('I«kw/3oc 6 rov 'A\(paiov), one of the twelve apostles (Mark iii, 18 ; Matt, x,3; Luke vi, 15; Actsi, 13). A.D. 27-29. His moth- er's name was Mary (Matt, xxvi, 56 ; Mark xv, 40) ; in the latter passage he is called James the Less (o /ii/cpof, the Little), either as being younger than James, the son of Zebedee, or on account or his low statiu-e (JNIark xvi, 1; Luke xxiv, 10). There has been much dispute as to whether this is the same with "James, the Lord's buotheh" (Gal. i, 19); but the express title of xlpostle given to him in this last passage, as well as in 1 Cor. XV, 7 (comp. also Acts ix, 27), seems decisive as to their identity — no other James being mentioned among the Twelve except " James, the brother of John," who was no near relative of Christ. Another question is whether he was the same with the James mentioned along with Joses, Simon, and Judas, as Christ's brethren (^latt. xiii, 55 ; Mark vi, 3). This depends upon the answer to two other questions: 1st. Is the term "brother" {aciXcpoc) to be taken in the proper sense, or in the general signifi- cation of k-insman, in these texts? The use of the title in the last two passages, as well as in John ii, 12 ; INIatt. xii, 46-50 ; Mark iii, 31-35 ; Luke viii, 19-21 ; Acts i, 14, in explicit connection with his mother, and in relations which imply that they were members of his immediate family, most naturally requires it to be taken in its lit- eral sense, especially as no intimation is elsewhere con- veyed to the contrary. See Bkothei!. x-for can the term "sisters" ((idi\<l)ai), emjiloyed in the same connec- tion (Matt, xiii, .50; jMark vi, 3), be referred to other than uterine relatives. This inference is sustained by the striking coincidence in the names of the brothers in the list of the apostles (namely, James, Judas, and apparent- ly Simon, Luke vi, 15, 16; Acts i, 13) with those in the reference to Christ's brothers (namely, James, Judas, Si- mon, and Joses. Matt, xiii, 55; Mark vi,3),and also by the fact that " James the Less and Joses" are said to be the sons of the same ]\Lary who was "the wife of Cleo- phas" (:Mark xv, 40 ; and ;Matt. xxvii, 56 ; comp. with John xix, 25). 2d. Who is this " Mary, the wife of Cleo- phas?" In the same verse (John xix, 25) she is called "his [Christ's] mother's sister" (// jui/r?jp avTov Kal i) dS(\(pi) TiJQ iJtjTpiig ai'iroi", Mania r) rov KXwTra, icai t) MaycaXtivl]) ; and, although some interpreters distin- guish between these ai)pellations, thus making four fe- males in the enumeration instead of three, yet the inser- tion of the distinctive particle Kui, "and," between each of the other terms, and its omission between these, must be understood to denote their identity. It is manifest, however, that no two sisters t/erman would ever have