those mentioned in the O. T. See Higii-prif.st. It is probably this Jelioiada who is alluded to in Jer. xxix, 2(! as a pre-eminent incumbent of the office (see Ilosen- mliller and llitzig, ad loc), and he is doubtless the same with the Bkuechiaii (J^a^axiaq) of Matt, xxiii, 25. See Zeukkiau.
3. (Neh. iii, C). See Joiada.
Jehoi'akim (Heb. Yehonakim', nip^ln^, Jeho- vah-estahlished ; Sept. 'IwaKli^i, oftener 'lixjuKiifi, Jose- phus 'Tojc'tKifioQ ; compare JoiAKi.^r, Joki.m), the second son of Josiah by Zebudah, daughter of Pedaiah of Ku- mah (probably the Dumah of Josh, xv, 52) ; born B.C. ()34, and eighteenth king of the separate throne of Ju- dah for a period of eleven years, B.C. G09-598. He is mentioned in 2 Kings xxiii, 34, 35, 36; xxiv, 1, 5, 6, 19; 1 Chron. iii, 15, 16; 2 Chron. xxxvi, 4, 5, 8; Jer. i, 3; xxii, 18, 24; xxiv, 1; xxv, 1; xxvi, 1, 21, 22, 23; xxvii, 1, 20 ; xxviii, 4 ; xxxv, 1 ; xxxvi, 1, 9, 28, 29, 30, 32 ; xxxvii, 1 ; xlv, 1 ; xlvi, 2 ; Iii, 2 ; Dan. i, 1 , 2. His original name was Ei.iakim (q. v.), but the equivalent name of Jehoiakim was given him by the Egyptian king who set him on his father's throne (2 Kings xxiii, 34). This change is signilicant of his dependence and loss of liberty, as heathen kings were accustomed to give new names to those who entered their service (Gen. xli, 45; Ezra v, 14; Dan. i, 7), usually after their gods. In this case, as the new name is Israelitish, it is probable that Pharaoh-necho gave it at the request of Eliakim himself, whom Hengstenberg supposes to have been influenced by a desire to place his name in closer connection with the promise (2 Sam. vii, 12), where not iiV, but Jehovah is the promiser; and to have done this out of opposition to the sentence of the prophets re- specting the impendingfall of the house of David [Chris- tol. ii, 401, Eng. trans.). There exists the most striking contrast between his beautiful name and his miserable fate (Jer. xxii, 19). (See Eckhird, Vom Esel^-JJtyrab- niss, Lpz. 1716.) See Najie.
Jehoiakim's younger brother Jehoahaz, or Shallum, as he is called Jer. xxii, 11, had been in the first instance made king by the people of the land on the death of his father Josiah, probably with the intention of following up Josiali's policy, which was to side with Nebuchad- nezzar against Egypt, being, as Prideaux thinks, bound by oath to the kings of Babylon (i, 50). See Jkho- AiiAz. Pharaoh-necho, therefore, having borne down all resistance with his victorious army, immediately de- posed Jehoahaz, and had him brought in chains toKib- lah, where, it seems, he was on his way to Carchemish (2 Kings xxiii, 33, 34; Jer. xxii, 10-12). See Nkcho. He then set Eliakim, his elder brother, upon the throne — changed his name to Jehoiakim (see above) — and, having charged him with the task of collecting a trib- ute of 100 talents of silver and one talent of gold = nearly $200,000, in which he midcted the land for the part Josiah had taken in the war with Babylon, he eventually returned to Egypt, taking Jehoahaz with him, who died there in captivity (2 Kings xxiii, 34; Jer. xxii, 10-12; Ezek. xix, 4). Pharaoh-necho also himself returned no more to Jerusalem ; for, after his great defeat at Carchemish in the fourth year of Jehoi- akim, he lost all his Syrian possessions (2 Kings xxiv, 7; Jer. xlvi, 2), and his successor Psammis (Herod, ii. clxi) made no attempt to recover them. Egypt, there- fore, played no part in Jewish politics during the seven or eight years of Jehoiakim's reign. After the battle of Carchemish Nebuchadnezzar came into Palestine as one of the Egyptian tributary kingdoms, the capture of which was the natural fruit of his victory over Necho. He found Jehoiakim quite powerless. After a short siege he entered Jerusalem, took the king prisoner, bound him in fetters to carry him to Babylon (2 Chron. xxxvi, 6, 7), and took also some of the precious vessels of the Temple and carried them to the land of Shinar, to the temple of Bel his god. It was at this time, in the fourth, or, as Daniel reckons, in the third year of
JEHOIAKIM
802
JEHOIAKIM
his reign [see Nebuchadxezzak], that Daniel and Hananiah, Mishael and Azariah, were taken captives to Babylon (Dan. i, 1,2); but Nebuchadnezzar seems to have changed his purpose as regarded Jehoiakim, and to have accepted his submission, and reinstated him on the throne, perhaps in remembrance of the fidelity of his father Josiah (q. v.). The year following the Egyp- tians were defeated upon tlie Euphrates (Jer. xlvi, 2), and Jehoiakim, when he saw the remains of the defeated army pass by his territory, could not but perceive how vain had been that reliance upon Egypt against which he had been constantly cautioned by Jeremiah (Jer. xxxi, 1 ; xlv, 1). In the same year the prophet caused a collection of his prophecies to be written out by his faithful Baruch, and to be read publicly by him in the court of tlie Temple. This coming to the knowledge of the king, he sent for it, and had it read before him. But he heard not much of the bitter denunciations with which it was charged before he took tlie roll from the reader, and, after cutting it in pieces, threw it into the brazier which, it being winter, was burning before him in the hall. The counsel of God against him, however, stood sure ; a fresh roll was written, with the addition of a further and most awful denunciation against the king, occasioned by this foolish and sacrilegious act. " He shall have none to sit upon the throne of David : and his dead body shall be cast out in the day to the heat and in the night to the frost" (Jer. xxxvi). All this, however, appears to have made little impression upon Jehoiakim, who still walked in his old paths. See Jeremiah.