JOHN
950
JOHN
heathens in its neishborhood (Clem. Alexan. Quis dives mh: § 4-2), John was engaged iii extending the Chns- tian Church when, for tlie greater edilication of that Church, his Gospel was written. It was obviously ad- dressed'primarUy to Christians, not to heathens. See
El'IlKSLS.
VII. Dale of HViVw^.— Attempts have been made to elicit from the language of the Gospel itself some argu- ment which should decide the question whether it was written before or after the destruction of Jerusalem; but, considering that the present tense " is" is used in v, •>. and the past tense "was" in xi, 18; xviii, 1 ; xix, 41, it would seem reasonable to conclude that these passages throw no light upon the question.
Clement of jVIexandria (apud Eusebius, H. E. vi, 14) speaks of John as the latest of tlie evangelists. The apostle's sojourn at Ephesus probably began after Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians was written, i. e. after A.D. 56. Eusebius (//. E. iii, 20) specifies the fourteenth year of Doraitian, i. e. A.D. 95, as the year of his banishment to Patmos. Probably the date of the Gospel may lie be- tween these two, about A.D. 90. The references to it iu the 1st Epistle and tlie Revelation lead to the suppo- sition that it was written somewhat before those two books, and the tradition of its supplementary character would lead us to place it some considerable time after the apostle had fixed his abode at Ephesus. — Smith.
Vm. Commentaries. — The following are the separate exegetical helps on the whole of John's Gospel exclu- sively (including the principal monograf)hs on its spe- cial features), to the most important of which we prefix an asterisk [ *] : Origen, Commenturia (in Opp, iv, 1 ; also IJcrhn, 1831, 3 vols. 12mo) ; Jerome, Expositio (in Opp. Siippos. xi, 77, 773) ; Augustine, Tractatus (in Opp. iv, o>*5: translated, Homilies [iiiclud. 1st Ep.], Oxford, 1848-9, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Chrysostom, Homiliat (in Opp.vm, 1 ; transl. Homilies, Oxf. 1848-52, 2 vols. 8vo) ; also In- lerpretalio (in Canisius, i, 217) ; Noniius, Metaphrases (Gr. and Lat. in L,d. Max. Pair, ix, 437 ; also ed. Hein- flius, L. K. 1027, 8vo, 1639, fol. ; also ed. Passovius, Lips. 1833, 8vo) ; Cyril of Alexandria, Commentarii (in Op^}. iv, 1-1123); Bede, in Joann. (in Op]), v, 451); Alcuin, Commentarii (in Opp. I, ii, 457 ; also August. 1527, 8vo) ; Hugo h St. Victor, Annotutiones (in Opp. i, 233) ; Aqui- nas, Commentarii (in Opp. v) ; also Catena (in Opp. iii ; transl. as vol. iv of " Catena Aurea," Oxford, 1845, 8vo) ; Bonaventura, Expositio (in Opp. ii, 313); also Collatio- 7tes (ib. ii, 4i;7 ) ; AllnTtiis Magnus, Commentarii (in Opp. xi); Zwingl.'. .1 ,,»„/„^,„»,.s- (in Opp. iv, 283); Melanc- Ihon, Knnrn, /;.„„■, (^■it(.mb. 1523, fol.; also in Opp.); liuccr. F.„arn,li„ms (Argent. 1528,8vo); CEcolampadius, Adnahiiinw's ( liasil. 1533, 8vo); Ferus [Rom. Catholic], Enarralhnits (Moguiit. 1536, 1550, fol.. Par. 1552, 1569, Liig(L 1553, 1558, 1563, Lovan. 1559, 8vo; ed. Medina, Complut. l.'>69, 1578, Mogunt. 1572, Rome, 1578, folio); Sarcer, Scholia (Basil. 1540, 8vo); Cruciger, Enarratio (Viteml). 1540, Argent. 1546, 8vo); BidUnger, Commen- liirii ( I'igur. 1543, fol.) ; Musculus, Commentarii (Basil. 15^15, 15.J3, 1554, 1.564, 1580, 1618, fol.) ; Guilliaud, Enar- ra/iwiM (Par. 1550, fol.; Lugd. 1.5.55, 8 vo); Alesius, Cow- mentarins (Basil 1553, 8vo) ; Calvin, Commentarii (Ge- nev. 1553, 1555, foL ; also in Opp. ; with a harmony, Ge- nev. 1.063; in French, ib. 1.563 ; in English, bv Fetcrston, London, 1584, 4to ; by Pringle, Edinb. 1847, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Traheron, Exposition [on part ] (London, 1558, 8vo) ; De Keyna, Annotaliones (Francof. 1573, 4to) ; IMarloratus Exposition (from the Latin, by Timme, Lond. 1575. fol.) ; Arctius, Commmtaritis (Lausanne, 1578, 8vo); Dansus] Commentarius ((icneva, 1,585. 8voj; Hunnius, Commen- tarius (Francof. 1.58.0, 1591, 1595, 8vo) ; Delphinus, Com- mentaru [includ. Hebrews] (ed. Sernanus, Rome, 1.587, 8vo); Chytr.TBus, Scholia (ed. Schincke, F. ad M. 1588, fV'!i. *'"^^'"^ I^^^*""- <-"ath.], Commentarii (Rom, 1.588, f^l. Io90, 2 vols. 4to; Lugd. 1589, 1614, fol.; Ven. 1589, i\''m"..I'"'^' „■*'")' Heramingius, Commentarius (Basil. I0-M,tol.); /epper, .4 «(,/,/.<;,■ (Herb. 1.595, 8vo); Rollock Comminiurius (Genev. 1599, 1618, 8vo) ; Agricola, Com-
mentarius (Colon. 1599, 8vo) ; Capponus, Commentarius (Ven. 1604, 4to); Pererius, Disputationes (Lugd. 1608- 10), 2 vols. 4to) ; Pelargus, Qucesitu (Francof. 1615, 4to) ; De Ribera, Commentarius (Lugdun. 1623, 4to) ; Mylius, Commentarius (Francof. 1624, 4to) ; Tamovius, Commen- tarius (Rost. 1629, 4to) ; Jansonius, Commentarius (Lo- van. 1630, 8vo) ; Corderius, Catena (Antw. 1630, foUo) ; Lenaeus, Commentarius (Holm. 1640, 4to) ; Gomarus, Illustratio (Amst. 1644, fol.; also in Opp.); Lyser, Dis- putationes (Vitemb. 1646, 4to); Virginius, Notm (Dorp. 1647, 4to) ; Amyraut, Paraphrase (Fr., Salm. 1651, 8vo) ; Petrus, Ai-end, etc. (Dutch, Amsterd. 1653, 3 vols. 4to) ; Schlichting, Commentaria [including other books of the N. T.] (Irenop. 1656, fol.) ; Hutcheson, Exposition (Lond. 1657, fol., 1840, 8vo); Nifanius, Commentarius (F. ad M. 1684, 4to) ; S. Schmidt, Paraphrasis (Argent. 1685, 1689, 4to ; also in Germ., Hal. 1716, 8vo) ; Vassor, Paraphrase (Fr., Paris, 1689, 12mo) ; Comazzi, Dimonstrazione, etc. (Naples, 1706, 8vo) ; Sibersma, Explication (in French, Amst. 1717, 4to; in Germ., Basel, 1718, 4to); Guillaers, A dnotationes [includ. begin, of Matt, and Luke] (Gan- dav. 1724, 4to); *Lampe, Commentarius (Amst. 1724-6, Basil. 1725-7, 3 vols. 4to ; in German, Lpz. 1729, 4to) ; also Syntarpna (Amst. 1737, 2 vols. 4to) ; Merrick, A n- notations [on i-iii] (Lond. 1764-7, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Light- foot, Exercitations (in Wor-lcs, xii) ; also Chor.ograptda (in Ugolino, Thesaurns,v, 1117); Semler, Paraphrasis (Halle, 1771-2, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Mosheira, Erkldrunrj (ed. Jacobi, Weim. 1777, 4to) ; Hezel, Anleitung (pt. i, Frkft. 1792, 8vo) ; Oertel, Erlaut. [includ. Epistles] (Frkft. and Gorl. 1795, 2 vols. 8vo) ; IMorus, Recitationes (edit. Din- dorf, Prag. 1795, Lips. 1796, 1808, 1821, 8vo); S. Lange, Erkldrun;/ [including Epistles] (Weimar, 1795-7,3 vols. 8vo) ; Shephenl. Notes [including Epistles] (Lond. 1796, 4to) ; Sclunid, Theoloi/io, etc. (Jen. 1800, 8vo) ; Schulze, Charakter, etc. (Lpz. 1803, 8vo) ; Paulus, Commentar (pt. i, Tubing. 1806, 8vo) ; Breitenstein, Anmerlcungen (Frkft. 1813, 1823, 8vo) ; *Tittmann, Commentarius (Lips. 1816, 8vo; tr. in English, Edinb. 1844, 2 vols. 12mo) ; Jlayer, Beitrar/e (Lps. 1820, 8vo); *Liicke, Commentar [includ. Epistles] (Bonn, 1820-32, 1833-5, 1840-43, 3 vols. 8vo; vol. iii [epistle] transl. into Engl., Edinb. 1837, 12mo); Moj-sey, Lectures (Oxf. 1821-2.3^, 2 vols. 8vo); Pitman, Lectures [on i-x] (Lond. 1822, 8vo) ; Seyffarth, Special- char akteristik, etc. (Lpzg. 1823, 8vo) ; *Tholuck, Com- mentar (Hamb. 1826, 1828, 1831, 1833; Lips. 1837, 1844; Gotha, 1857 ; in Engl, by Kaufman, Boston, 1836, 12mo; by Krauth, Phila. 1859, 8vo) ; Klee, Commentar (Mainz, 1829, 8vo) ; Fickenscher, Auslegung (Nlimb. 1831-33, 3 vols. 8vo) ; Grimm, Christologia, etc. (Lips. 1833, 8vo); Sumner, Exposition (Lond. 1835, 8vo) ; Matthivi, A usle- gung (vol. i, Gott. 1837, 8vo) ; Slade, Readings (London, 1837, 1843, 12mo) ; Simson, Theologin, etc. (Reg. 1839, 8vo) ; Fromann, Lehrbegri[l', etc. (Leipzig, 1839, 8vo) ; Wirth, Erkldrung (Vltn, 1839, 8vo) ; FatteTSon, Lectures [xiv-xvi] (London, 1840, 12mo) ; Anderson, Exposition (London, 1841, 2 vols. 12mo); Drummond, Exposition (Lond. 1841, 12mo) ; Herberden, Reflectioiis (Lond, 1842, r2mo); KiJstlin, Lehrhegrijf, etc. (Berlin, 1843, 8vo); Bauragarten-Crusius, A uslegung [includ. Epistles] (Jen. 1843-5, 2 vols. 8vo); Jones, Sermons [xiii-xvii] (Oxf. 1844. 8v.i): Aislabee. Translation (Lond. 1845, 12mo); Ford. Ilhistnahm (Lond. 1852, 8vo); Luthardt, ICigen- Ihiiitdirhl.rit, etc. (Liiz. 1852-3, 2 vols. 8vo); Bouchier, /■..r/,n.<, //,,/, (|,(]ii(l(iii, 1 x.'i 1, 1 2mo) ; Cumxaing, Readings ( l...ii.lon. In.m;, ,svn I : .Alaurieo. Discourses (Camb. 1857, 1-Jniu) : 5 ( 'l.Tgyinen, pH-i^ion (Lond. 18.57. 8vo) ; Reuss, Introd. (in his Hist, de hi theoL Clirilhintc Strasb. I860, ii, 272 sq.); Fawcett, Expositi,,u (L.in<l..n. 1860, 8vo); "^Ewald, Erkldrung [includ. Epistles] (ti(itt. 1861 sq., 3 vols. 8vo) : *Hengstenberg, Erlduteruwj (Berl. 1861-64, 3 vols., 1869, 2 vols. 8vo ; tr. m. English, Edinb. 1865, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Malan, Notes (Lond. 1862, 4to); Astie, Ex- plication (Geneve, 1862-4, 3 vols. 8vo); Klofutar, Com- mentarius (Vienna, 1863, 8vo); Brown, Lectures (Oxf. 1863, 2 vols. 8vo); Biiumlein, Commentar (Stuttg. 186.3, 8vo); Scholten, Onderzock. (Leyd. 1864 sq., 2 vols. 8vo) ;