ed KiBZAiM (Josh, xxi, 22), but better known as Jokite- AM (Josh, xii, 22, etc.).
Jok'neam (Heb. Yohwam' . ^V'^'^'^, 2wssession of the people; Sept. 'liKora/i, Yulg. Juchunan, Jeconam, Jemam), a royal city of the Canaanites (Josh, xii, 22), situated on the soutliwestern boundary of Zebulon (but not within it [see Tribe]), near Dabbasheth, and front- ed by a stream [the Kishon] (Josh, xix, 11) ; assigned out of the territory of Zebulon to the Levites of the fam- ily of Merari (Josh, xxi, 34). From 1 Chron. vi, 68, the name appears to have been in later times written in the nearly synonymous form of Jokjieaji, and it thus ap- pears (in the original) as the boundary point of one of the purveyorships of Solomon (1 Kings iv, 12). It also seems to have been identical with the Levitical city KiBZAiM (see Lightfoot, 0pp. ii, 233) in Mount Ephraim (Josh, xxi, 22). Dr. Robinson has lately identified it with the modern Tell Keiimon, a commanding position at the foot of Mount Carmel, across the Kishon from the plain of Esdraelon, and in a locaUty exactly agreeing with the scriptural data, and in name and situation with the Cyamon (q. V.) of the Apocrypha (Judith vii, 3), as well as with that of the Cammona of Eusebius and the Cimana of Jerome, although (in their Onomasticon) they profess ignorance of the site of Jokneam (new ed. of Bibl. Researches, iii, 115). Schwarz {Palest, p. 91) gives a conjecture agreeing with the latter part of this identi- fication. (See also Yan de Yelde, Memoir, p. 326 ; Trist- ram, Land of Israel, p. 119.)
Jok'shan (Heb. Yohshan', 'l^P^ snarer ; Sept. 'li'ictv V. r. 'Ididv or 'leicaw), the second son of Abra- ham and Keturah, whose sons Sheba and Dedan appear to have been the ancestors of the Sabasans and Dedan- ites, that peopled a part of Arabia Felix (Gen. xxv, 2, 3 ; 1 Chron. i, 32, 33). B.C. cir. 2020. " If the Keturahites stretched across the desert from the head of the Ara- bian to that of the Persian Gulf (see Dedan), then we must suppose that Jokshan returned westwards to the trans-Jordanic country, where are placed the settlements of Lis sons, or at least the chief of their settlements, for a wide spread of these tribes seems to be indicated in the passages in the Bible which make mention of them. The writings of the Arabs are rarely of use in the case of Keturahite tribes, whom they seem to confound with Ishmaelites in one common appellation. They mention a dialect of Jokshan (Yakish, who is Yokshan, as having been formerly spoken near 'Aden and El-Jened, in South- ern Arabia: Yakut's Moojam, cited in the Zeitschi-ift d. Deutsch. More/enl. Gesellschift, viii, 600-1 ; x, 30-1) ; but that IMidianites penetrated so far into the peninsula we hold to be highly improbable" (Smith). "Knobcl (Genes, p. 188) suggests that the name .Jokshan may have passed mto Kashun (V'^P)> a"'l that his descend- ants were the Cassanitcn {Kaaaavlrai) of Ptolemy (vi, 7, 6) and Steph. Byzant. (s. v.), the Casandres (Kacraj- ^p£t(.) of Agatharchidcs (p. 6, ed. Huds.),the Gasandres {raaavi^ptic) of Diod. Sic. (iii, 44), and the Casani or Gasani of Pliny {Hist. Nat. vi, 32), who dwelt l)y the Red Sea, to the south of the Cinsedocolpites, and ex- tended to the most northern of the Joktanites" (Kitto). See Ar.vria.
Jok'tan (Heb. Yul-tan', 'IJp^, little; Sept. 'Iiktuv ; Josephus 'loiiKrag, Ant. i, 6, 4; Yulg. .Jectan), a Shemitc, second named of the two sons of Eber, his brother being Peleg (Gen. x, 25 ; 1 Chron. i, 19). B.C. cir. 2400. He is mentioned as the progenitor of thirteen sons or heads of tribes, supposed to have resided in Southern Arabia (Gen. X. 26-30) ; 1 Chron. i, 20-23). The Arabians caU- ed him Kahtan, and assert that from him the eir/ht orig- inal residents of Yemen sprang. His name is still point- ed out by them near Keshin {Siebu\ir,Beschreib. p. 287), and traces of the same name appear in a city mentioned by Niebuhr {Beschr. p. 275) as lying three days' jour- ney north of Nejcran, perhaps the station Jaktan alluded to by Edrisi as situated in the district of Sanaa. (See
JOKTAN
988
JOKTHEEL
A. Schultens, IIu<:t. imp. vetusi. Jocfanidar. in A r. Fel. ex A biil/eda, etc., Harderov. 178C ; Pococke, Specim. hist. Arab. p. 32 sq.; Assemam, Bibl. Orient. Ill, ii, 553 sq.: Bochart's Phaleff, iii, 15.)— Winer, i, 595.
The original limits of the Joktanidise are stated in the Bible : " Their dwelling was from Jlesha, as thou goest unto Sepbar. a mount of the East" (Gen. x, 30). The position cf Mesha, which is reasonably supposed to be the western boundary, is still uncertain [see JIesha] ; but Sepliar is well established as being the same as Za- firi the sea-port town on the east of the modern Yemen, and formerly one of the chief centres of the great In- dian and African trade. See Sephak.
1. The native traditions respecting Joktan himself commence with a difficulty. The ancestor of the great southern peoples was called Kuhtan,\vho, say the Arabs, was the same as Joktan. To this some European crit- ics have objected that there is no good reason to ac- count for the change of name, and that the identifica- tion of Kahtan with Joktan is evidently a Jewish tra- dition adopted by ^lohammed or his followers, and con- setiuently at or after the promulgation of El-Islam. M. Caussin de Perceval commences his essay on the history of Yemen (Ki.ifii, i, 39) with this assertion, and adds, " Le nom de Calitan, disent-ils [les Arabes], est le nom de Yectan, It'gerement altere en passant d'une langue t'trangere dans la langue Arabe." In reply to these ob- jectors, we may state :