Ju'das ('lou^ac), the Grsecized form of the Hebrew
name Jud ah, and generally retained in the A. V. of the Apocrj-pha and N. T., as also in Josephus, where it oc- curs of a considerable number of men. See also Juda ;
JUDE,
1. The patriarch Jud ah (q. v.), son of Jacob (Matt. i, 2, 3).
2. One of the Levites who renounced his Gentile wife after the captivity (1 Esdr. ix, 20) ; the Judaii of Ezra X, 23.
3. The third son of Mattathias, and the leading one of the three Maccabajan brothers (1 Mace, ii, 4, etc.). See jNIaccabees.
4. The son of Calphi (Alphieus), a Jewish general under Jonathan Maccabajus (1 ]Macc. xi, 70).
5. A Jew occupying a conspicuous position at Jeru- salem at the time of the mission to Aristobulus (q, v.) and the Egyptian Jews (2 Mace, i, 10). He is thought by some to have been the same with
6. An aged person, and a noted teacher among the Essenes at Jerusalem, famous for liis art of predicting events, Avhich was confirmed in a remarkable manner by the death of Antigonus (q. v.) at the order of his brother .\ristobulus, as related by Josephus (-4 nt. xiii, 11,2; ir«?-, i, 3, 5).
7. A son of Simon, and brother of John Hyrcanus (1 Mace, xvi, 2), murdered by Ptolemajus the usurjier, either at the same time (B.C. cir. 135) with his father (1 Mace, xvi, 15 sq.), or shortly afterwards (Josephus, Aiit. xiii, 8, 1 ; see Grimm, ad Mace. 1. c). — Smith.
8. Son of one Ezechias (which latter was famous for his phj-sical strength), and one of the three principal bandits mentioned by Josephus (.4«/. xvii, 10, 2; War, ii, 4, 1) as infesting Palestine in the early days of Herod. This person, whom Whitson (ad loc.) regards as the Theudas (q. v.) of Luke (Acts x, 36), temporarily got possession of Sepphoris, in Galilee. What became of him does not particularly appear, but it may be pre- sumed he shared the fate of the others named in the same connection.
9. Son of one Sariphseus, or Sepjjhoris, and one of the two eminent Jewish teachers who incited their j^oung disciples to demolish the golden eagle erected by Herod over the Temple gate, an act of sedition for which the whole party were burned alive (Josephus, Ant. xvii, G, 2-4; IFrt)-, i, 33, 2-4).
10. A person sumamed " the Galileean'" (o FaXiXaToc, Acts v, 37), so called also by Josephus {Ant. xviii, 1, 6; XX, 5, 2 ; War, ii, 8, 1), and likewise " the Gaidonite" (j Tav\ovi-j]Q, A nt. xviii, 1, 1). He was born at Gamala, a fortified city on the Sea of Galilee, in Lower Gauloni- tis ; and after the deposition of Archelaus, duruig the thirty-seventh year after the battle of Actium (Jose- phus, Ant. xviii, 2, 1), i. e. A.D. G, he excited a violent insurrection among the Jews, in concert with a well- known Pharisee named Sadok, against the Roman gov- ernment exercised by the procurator Coponius, on occa- sion of a census levied by the emperor Augustus, assert- ing the popular doctrine that the Jews ought to acknowl- edge no dominion but that of God. He was destroyed, and his followers scattered by CjTenius, then proconsul of SjTia and Judisa. We also learn from Josepluis tliat the scattered remnant of the party of Judas continued after his destruction to work on still in secret, and la- bored to maintain his free spirit and reckless ])rinciiiles among the people (Josephus, War, ii, 17, 7-19). (See E. A. Schulze, Dissert, de Juda Galilceo ejusqiie secta, Frankf. a. V. 1761; also in his Exercit, philosoph. fasc. non. p. 104.) See Sicarii.
11. Son of Simon (John vi, 71; xiii, 2, 26), surnamed (always in the other Gospels) Iscakiot, to distinguish him from the other apostle of the same name. See JuDE. In the following account we largely avail our- selves of the articles on the subject in the dictionaries of Smith and Fairbairn.
1. Signification of the Surname. — The epithet Iscariot ( \rTKanuoTr)c) has received many interpretations more conjectural.
or les
JUDAS
1001
JUDAS
(1) From Kerioth (Josh, xv, 25), in the tribe of Ju- dah, the Heb. fli'^'lp T^"^!!*, Ish-Kerioth', passing into 'IaKapiwrt]c in the same way as S'113 Ui'^X — Ish-Toh, " a man of Tob" — appears in Joseph us (Ant, vii, 6, 1) as 'lffrw/3oc. In connection with this explanation may be noticed the readuig of some MSS. in John vi, 71, and Kapiwrov, and that received by Lachmann and Tisch- endorf, wliich makes the name Iscariot belong to Simon, and not, as elsewhere, to Judas only. On this hypoth- esis, his position among the Twelve, the rest of whom belonged to Galilee (Acts ii, 7), would be exceptional; and this is perhaps an additional reason why this local- ity is noted. This is the most common and probable opinion. See Kekioth.
("2) From Kartha (A.V. "Kartan," Josh, xxi, 32), in Galilee (so Ewald, Gesch, Israels, v, 321).
(3) As equivalent to Issacharite, or 'laaxctpnorrjQ (Grotius on Matt, x, 4 ; Hermami, Miscell. Groning, iii, 598).
(4) From the date-trees (KapiujuSec) in. the neigh- borhood of Jerusalem or Jericho (Bartolocci, Bibl. liub- bin. iii, 10 ; Gill, Comm. on Matt, x, 4).
(5) From X'-JllpOX {=scortea, Gill, I, c), a leath- ern apron, the name being applied to him as the bearer of the bag, and =" Judas with the apron" (Lightfoot, //or. IJebUn Mutt, x, 4).