IX. Commentaries.— ^^edsl exegetical helps on the whole Epistle of Jude exclusively are the following, of which we designate the most important by an asterisk prefixed : Didymus Alexandrinus, In Ep. Judce (in Bibl. Max. Patr. v ; and Bihl. Pair. Gallandii, vi) ; Bede, Ex- positio (in 0pp. v) ; Luther, Auslegiimj (Wittenb. 1524, 4toand8vo; etc.); Maf^c, Explanutio (Yen. 157G, 8vo) ; Ridley, Exposition (Lond. n. d. 16mo) ; De Bree, Enar- mft'o "(Sagunt. 1582, 4to); Radeus, In Jadxt ep. (Antw. 1584, Gen. 1599, 8vo) ; Danjeus, Commentarim [includ. Ep. John] (Geneva, 1585, 8vo); Feuardent, Commenta- rius (Colon. 1595, 8vo) ; Junius, Notm (Lugd. Bat. 1599, 8vo; also in 0pp. i, 1654) ; Willet, Commenturius (Lond. 1603, Cambr. 1614, foL; also Catholicon, in ^^ Ilarmonie" etc.) ; TurnbuU, Sermons (London, 1606, 4to) ; Lancelott, Exer/esis (Antw. 1613, 1626, 8vo); Boulduc, Commenta- riti (Paris, 1620, 4to); Parens, Commentarius (Francof. 1626, 4to) ; Rost, Commentarius (Rostock, 1627, 4to) ; Stumpf, Explicatio (Coburg, 1627, 8vo) ; Otes, Serinons (London, 1633, 4to); Gerhard, Adnotationes (Jen. 1641, 1660, 1665, 4to) ; Du Bois, Explicatio (Paris, 1644, 8vo) ; Jenkyn, Exposition (Lond. 1652-54, 2 pts. in 1 vol. 4to ; Glasgow, 1783 ; Lond. 1839, 8vo) ; Calovius, Explicatio (Vitemb. 1654, 1719, 4to) Manton, Lectures (London, 1658, 4to); Broughton,£'a7)os«VwM (Lond. 1662, foL; also in Works, p. 402) ; Wandalin, Pi-odromus (Hafnias, 1663, 4to) ; Rappolt, Ohservutiones (Lipsiaj, 1675, 4to) ; Grelot, Commentarius (L. B. 1676, 4to) ; Yerryn, Commentarius (L. Bat. 1677, 4to); Visscher, Verklaarinr; (Amst. 1681, 4to; also in German, Bremen, 1744, 4to) ; Titelmann [Schenck], Commentarius (Marp. 1693, 8vo); Antonio, Verlln.n-h,;i \ ii.dud. 1 Pet.] (Leoward. 1693, 1697, 4to; also in ( krniau, Brem. 1700, fol.) ; Martin, Commentarius (Lipsiie, 1694, 1727, 4to) ; Fecht, E.rpo.fl/io TRost. 1696, 4to); Nemeth, Explicatio (1700, ll.i); Dorschc, Com- mentarius (fragment, in Gerhard's ('nn/nii ii/niln. Francf. et Lips. 1700, 4to); Ferkms, Expos!/ im, (in I r-»;/.-.s-, Cam- bridge, 1701, etc., iii, 479); Szattrnar. /-'.rjj/init/'o (Fra- nce. 1702, 4to); Witsius, Commenturius ( L. 1!. 17(13, 4to; ialao in Meletemata, p. 323) ; Feustlsini;, ('oniinintarius (Vitemb. 1707, fol.) ; Quade, In Epi><tol,n,i , l rilam Judce (Gryph. 1709, 4to) ; Creyghton. Oi'tl, id'uKi (Haarlem, 1719, 4to) ; Weiss. Cnimiinitntio ( Ilcbn.stadt, 1723, 4to) ; Walther, yixeyMji- ((;iic!|,lirrl). 1721. 4t<i); Buekner, /i>- kldrumj (Erfurt, 1727. lt.>); IJriiiuiiann, Eiitxiefjelung (Hrunsw. 1731, 4to); Van Sc, jr'ii, .hulns dii/ifiinaticics ( Lub. 1732, 4to) ; Semler, Cnntn,, iilntio \on van read.] (Hal. 1747, 1784, 4to) ; Sclnnidl, Oh.<,rr,itlni,e^ (Lipsia;, 1768, 4to); Herder, /.■/•;-/; ::,n,iHr lirihhr Jesu (Lemgo, 1775, 8vo); Poniariu-^, < ■oi,nnn,i,niiis (Vitemb. 1784, 8vo); Hassc, Erldul, nm,/ (.h^n. I7.s(;, Svo); Hartmann, Comwniintin (Cothen, 1793, 4to) ; KaXAcx, Anmerkungen (Kiiit. 179S, Sv(i|; *n;inlein, Commentarius (Erlangen, 1(99, IHOl, iHOt, Kv'o) ; Ilarenberg, Expositio (in Miscell. Lips. nov. iii, 379 sq.) ; Elias, LHssertatio (Ultraj. 1803, 8vo); Dahl, De av^tVTtc^, etc. [including 2 Pet.] (Rost, 1807, 8vo) ; Laurmann, Notce (Gron. 1818, Svo) ; *Jes- »\cn, Commentalio [introductory] (Lipsia;, 1820, Svo); Aluir, Discourses (Glasg. 1«22. Svo) ; *.Yrnaud, Sur Pati- theniicite, etc. (Strasb. 1835, Svo) ; Scharling, Commerv- tarins [includ. James] (Havn. 1841, Svo) ; Brun, Intro- ductinn (in French, Strasb. 1842, Svn) ; Bickorsteth, Ex- posiliou (London, 1846, 12m(>) ; IMacgillivrav, Lectures (Lond. 1846, Svo) ; *Sticr, Ausler/unf/\li(ir\. is50, Svo):
*Rampf, Betrachtung (Salzburg, 1854, Svo) ; Gardiner, Commentary (Boston, 1856, 12mo); Ritschl, Antinomis- ien, etc. (in the Stud. ii. Krit. 1861, p. 103 sq.) ; Schott, Erlduterung (Erlang. 1863, Svo). See Epistles, Cath- olic.
Judex, Mattii^us, a German theologian, and one of the principal writers of the Centuries of Magdehurf) (q. v.), was born at Dippoldsforest, in Saxony, Septem- ber 22, 1528. He was educated at Wittenberg Univer- sity, where he took his master's degree in Oct. 1549. Shortly after he became minister of the church of St. Ul- ric, at Magdeburg, and left this position in 1559 to be- come professor of divinity at the University at Jena; but only eighteen months later he was ousted from the chair by order of the (hike of Saxony, on account of liis opposition to the Synergists, who were in great favor at court. As a cause for his removal the authorities as- signed his publication of De fuga Papatus. He then removed to Magdeburg, but, like the other authors of the Centuries, he had to endure persecution. He was finally obliged to quit Jlagdeburg, and spent the remain- der of his life at Wismar. He died May 15, 1564. See Bayle, Hist. Diet. s. v.
Judge («3i'd, shophet', usu. in the pliu". D'^wSi'J, shophetim', rulers rather than magistrates, from ^jB'd, different from 'J'^'n, to try a cause, see Gesenius, s. v.; compare Bertholdt's Theolog. Journ. vii, 1 ; Werner, in Rudelbach's Zeitschr. 1844, 'iii, 17 ; Sept., N. Test. Acts xiii, 20, and Josephus, Ant. vi, 5, 4, /cpirai; in Dan. iii, 2, 3, a diif. Chald. terra is employed, ')''"i!f,i:'?'7'^'!' o*""- gazerin', chief judges: in two passages, Exod. xxi, 6; xxii, 8, the Hebrew magistrates are called D''fibx, elo- him', gods, compare Psa. Ixxxii, 1,6; John x, 34 ; but see Gesenius, s. v.). Besides being the general title of any magistrate, this name is applied to those persons who at intervals presided over the aifairs of the Israelites during the four and a half centuries which elapsed from the death of Joshua to the accession of Saul, as recounted in the book of Judges, and as alluded to by the apostle Paul in Acts xiii, 20. These judges were fifteen in num- ber : 1. Othniel ; 2. Ehud ; 3. Shamgar ; 4. Deborah and Barak; S.Gideon; 6. Abimelech; 7. Tola; 8. Jair; 9. Jephthah; 10. Ibzan ; 11. Elon; 12. Abdon; 13. Sam- son ; 14. Eli ; 15. Samuel. For an account of the events of each judgeship, see the judges in their alphabetical place ; for a discussion of the length of the entire pe- riod, and the adjustment of the different epochs, see CniiONOLOGV. In the following statements on this head we chieflj' follow the articles in Kitto's and Smith's dic- tionaries, s. V. See also Judges, Book of.