3. Errors arising from exchanging letters which be- long to the same organs of speech, e. g. 3 for 53, of which the Keri exhibits one instance (Josh, xxii, 7),. and vice-versa, of which the Groat INIasorah, mider letter 3, gives six instances (Josh, iii, 16 ; xxiv, 15 ; 2 Kings v, 12 ; xii, 10 ; xxiii, 33 ; Dan. xi, 18) ; M for N (2 Kings xvii, 21); :} for X (1 Sara, xx, 24; 1 Kings i, 33; Job- vii, 1 ; Isa. Ixv, 7; Ezek. ix, 5) ; 52 for 2 (Isa. Ixv, 4).
4. Errors arising from the transposition of letter^.
KERI AND KETHIB
50
KERI AND KETHIB
■which the Masorah designates "iPIIX'il tS'lpl'O, and of which it gives sixty-two cases, as, for instance, the textual reading, or Kethib, is priXfl, the tent, and the marginal reading, or Keri, transposing the letters P and n, has nbxn, tlwse (comp. Josh, vi, 13 ; xx, 8 ; xxi, 27 ; Judg. xvi, •!() ; 1 Sam. xiv, 27 ; xix, 18, 22, 23 [twice] ; xx^-ii, «; 2Sam. iii, 25; xiv, 30; xvii, IG; xviii, 8; xx, 14; xxiv, 10; 1 Kings vii, 45; 2 Kings xi, 2; xiv, 6; 1 Chron. i, 40 ; iii, 24 ; xxvii, 29 ; 2 Chron. xvii, 8 ; xxix, 8; Ezra ii, 40; iv, 4; viii, 17 ; Neh. iv, 7 ; xii, 14; Esth. i, 5, 10 ; Job xxvi, 12 ; Psa. Ixxiii, 2 ; cxxxix, 6 ; cxlv, 0 ; Prov. i, 27 ; xiii, 20 ; xix, 16 ; xxiii, 5, 26 ; xxxi, 27 ; Eccles. ix, 4 ; Isa. xxxvii, 30 ; Jer. ii, 25 ; viii, 6; ix, 7; xv, 4; xvii, 23; xxiv, 9; xxix, 18, 23 ; xxxii, 23 ; xlii, 20 ; 1, 15 ; Ezek. xxxvi, 14 ; xl, 15 ; xUi, 10 ; xliii, 15, 16 ; Dan. iv, 9 ; v, 7, 16 [twice], 29).
5. Errors arising from the small letter '^ bemg dropped before the pronominal 1 from plural nouns, and making them to be singular, of which there are a hundred and thirteen instances [it is very strange that the jNIasorah JIagna only enumerates fifty-six of tliese instances] (Gen. xxxiii, 4; Exod. xxvii, 11; xxviii, 28; xxxii, 19; xxxix, 4,33; Lev. ix, 22; xvi, 21 ; Numb, xii, 3; Deut. ii, 33 ; vii, 9 ; viii, 2 ; xxvii, 10 ; xxxiii, 9 ; Josh, iii, 4 ; viii, 11; xvi, 3; Ruth iii, 14; 1 Sam. ii, 9, 10 [twice]; iii, 18 ; viii, 3 ; x, 21 ; xxii, 13 ; xxiii, 5 ; xxvi, 7 [twice], 11, 16; xxix, 5 [twice] ; xxx, 6; 2 Sam. i, 11 : ii, 23; iii, 12; xii, 9, 20; xiii, 34; xvi, 8; xviii, 7, 18; xix, 19; XX, 8; xxiii, 9, 11; xxiv, 14, 22; 1 Kings v, 17; X, 5; xviii, 42; 2 Kings iv, 34; v, 9; xi, 18; Ezra iv, 7 ; Job ix, 13 ; xiv, 5 ; xv, 15 ; xx, 11 ; xxi, 20 ; xxiv, 1; xxvi, 14; xxxi, 20; xxxvii, 12; xxxviii, 41; xxxix, 26, 30; xl, 17; Psa. x, 5; xxiv, 6; Iviii, 8; cvi, 45; cxlvii, 19; cxlviii, 2; Prov. vi, 13 [twice]; xxii, 24; xxvi, 24; Isa. Hi, 5; Ivi, 10; Jer. xv, 8; xvii, 10, 11; xxii, 4; xxxii, 4; Iii, 33 ; Lam. iii, 22, 32, 39 ; Ezek. iii, 20; xvii, 21; xviii, 23, 24; xxxi, 5; xxxiii, 13, 10; xxxvii, 16 [twice], 19; xl, 6, 22 [twice], 26; xliii, 11 [thrice], 26; xliv, 5; xlvii, 11; Dan. xi, 10; Amos ix, 6; Obad. v, 11 ; Hab. iii, 14) ; as well as from the in- sertion of 1 before the pronominal 1 and before the pro- nominal "i in smgular nouns, and making them plural ; the Keri exhibits seven instances of the former (1 Kings xvi, 26; Psa. ev, 18, 28 ; Prov. xvi, 27; xxi, 29; Eccles. iv, 17; Dan. ix, 12) and eight of the latter in the word ini (Judg. xiii, 17; 1 Kings viii, 26; xxii, 13; Psa. cxix, 147, 101 ; Jer. xv, 10 [twice] ; Ezra x, 12).
6. Errors of a grammatical nature, arising from drop- ping the article (1 where it ought to be, of which the Keri exhibits fourteen instances (1 Sam. xiv, 32 ; 2 Sam. xxiii, 9 ; 1 Kings iv, 7; vii, 20 ; xv, 18; 2 Kings xi, 20 ; XV, 25; Isa. xxxii, 15; Jer. x, 13; xvii, 19; xl, 3; Iii, 32 ; Lam. i, 18 ; Ezek. xviii, 20), or from the insertion of it where it ought not to be, of wliich there are ten instances (1 Sam. xxvi, 12 ; 1 Kings xxi, 8 ; 2 Kings vii, 12, 13; xv, 25; Eccles. vi, 10; x, 3, 20; Isa. xxix, 11; Jer. xxxviii, 11); or from the dropping of the tl after ir:, or writing XIH instead of X^n when used as feminine.
7. Errors arising from the wrong division of words, c. g. the first word having a letter which belongs to the second, exhibited by the Keri in three instances, and stated in the :Masorah on 2 Sam. v, 2 (2 Sam. v, 2 ; Job xxxviii, 12; Lam. iv, 10), or the second word having a letter whicli belongs to the first, of which there are two instances (1 Sam. xxi, 12; Ezra iv, 12); or one word being divided into two separate words, of which the ^lasorah on 2 (Jhron. xxxiv mentions eight- instan- ces (Judg. xvi, 25 ; 1 Sam. ix, L;- xxiv, 8 ; 1 Kings xviii, 5; 2 Chron. xxxiv, 6; Isa. ix, 6; Lam. i, 6; iv, 3), or two sei)arate words being written as one, exhibited by the Keri in fifteen instances (Gen. xxx, 11; Exod. iv, 2; Deut. xxxiii, 2; 1 Chron. ix, 4; xxvii, 12, Neh. ii.