KHORSABAD
KIBZAIM
Turanian element in Hindustan. The following copious literature will enable persons to make a pretty exhaus- tive study of what is known concerning them.
Literature. — Edinhurf/h Review, A\\ri\, 18G4; Calcutta Review, \o\. V, vi, x; Calcutta Christian Observer, April, Julv. 1837; Transactions of Ethnolof/ical Society, i, 15; vi, 24-27; also for 1865, p. 81 ; B. H. Hodgson, Aborig- ines of the Eastei-n Frontier; Chepawj and Busunda Tribes; Aborigines of Southern India (Calcutta, 1849); Aborigines of India (Calcutta, 1847); M'Pherson's Re- jmrts upon the Khoiuls of the Districts ofGunjam ami Cubhack (Calcutta, 1842) ; A personal Narrative of thir- teen Years among the wild Tribes of Khondistan for the Suppression of human Sacrifices, by jMajor Gen. John Campbell, C. B. (Loud. 18G4) ); Sonthalia aiul the Son- thnls, by E. G. Man (Loud. 1868) ; IMetz, The Tribes of the Neilgherries ; Lewin, Hill Tracts of Chittagong ; ll&rl'inass; Aborigines of the Neilgherries (London, 1832) ; The People of India, by J. F.Watson and J. W. Kaye, vol. i; History of the Suppression of Infanticide, etc., by John Wilson, D.D., F.R.S. (Bombaj^ and London, 1855) ; Tylor, Primitive Culture, vol. i and ii (London, 1871); Lubbock, Origin of Civilization, etc. (Lond. 1871) ; Brace, Races of the Old World (New York, 1863) ; Latham, Elements of Comparative Philology (Lond. 1862); Ander- son, Foreign Missions (New York, 1869); M'Lennan, Primitive Marriage; Hunter, Rural Bengal. (J. T. G.)
Khorsabad. See Nixeveit.
Khosru, or Khusni I, surnamed Nushirvan {the nohle soul), and known in Byzantine history as Chosroes I, the greatest monarch of the Sassanian dynasty, a son of Kobad, king of Persia, mounted the throne in A.D. 531. He is noted in ecclesiastical history for his contests with Justinian (q. v.), and gave shelter to great numbers of those whom Justinian, the B}-zantine emperor, perse- cuted for their religious opinions. He also waged war with Justin II (570), and Justinian, grand-nephew of the emperor of that name. Khosru, however, did not live to see the end of the contest, as he died in 579. His government, though very despotic, and occasionally op- pressive, was yet marked by a firmness and energy rare- ly seen among the Orientals. It was during the reign of this prince that the fanatical followers of Mazdak, ■who had obtained numerous proselytes to the inviting doctrine of a communism of goods and women, were ban- islicd from the lands of the Sassanidre. Persia, during his reign, stretched from the Red Sea to the Indus, and from the Arabian Sea far into Central Asia. " The vir- tues, and more- particularly the justice of this monarch, form to the present day a favorite topic of Eastern panegyric, and the glories and happiness of his reign are. frequently extoUed by poets as the golden age of the Persian sovereignty. His reign forms an important epoch in the historj' of science and literature : he found- ed colleges and libraries in the principal towns of his dominions, and encouraged the translation of the most celebrated Greek and Sanscrit works into the Persian language. A physician at his court, of the name of Barznyeh, is said to have brought into Persia a Pehlvi translation of tliose cebbrated fables which are known under the name of Bldpai or Pilpay, and it was from this translation of tlie Indian tales that these fables found their Avay to nearly every other nation of West- ern Asia and Europe. The conquests of Khosru were great and numerous; his empire extended from the shores of the Red Sea to the Indus; and the monarchs of India, China, and Thibet are represented by Oriental historians as sending aml)assadors to his court with val- uable presents to solicit his friendship and alliance" (English Cyclopwdia'). Sec Ewald, Zcilschrift fiir die Kuiide des Morgenlandcs, i, 185 sq. ; ilalcolm. History of Persia (see Index). Sec Persia.
Khosru II, grandson of the preceding, surnamed Pu^,^•I/. (the Generous), was raised to the throne in 590. In the first years of the 7th century he opened war upon the Romans, and for seventeen years intlicted upon the
Byzantine Empire a series of disasters the like of which they had never before experienced. Syria was con- quered in 611, 1'alestine in 614, Egj^irt and Asia Minor in 616, and the last bulwark of tlie capital, Chalcedon, fell soon after. '• The Roman Empire was on the Itrink of ruin ; the capture of Alexandria had deprived the in- habitants of Constantinople of their usual supply of corn, the northern barbarians ravaged the European prov- inces, while another powerful Persian army, already ad- vanced as far as the Bosporus, was making prepara- tions for the siege of the imperial city. Peace was ear- nestly solicited bj' Heraclius, who had succeeded Phocas in 610, but without success. Khosru, however, did not cross the Bosporus, and at length, in 621, he dictated the terms of an ignominious peace to the emperor. But Heraclius, who had hitherto made very few efforts for the defence of his dominions, rejected these terms, and in a series of brilliant campaigns (A.D. 622-627) recov- ered all the provinces lie had lost, repeatedly defeated the Persian monarch, and advanced in his victorious ca- reer as far as the Tigris. Khosru was murdered in the spring of the following year, 028, by his son Siroes" (Eng- lish Cyclopwdia). See Persia.
Khozars. See Kiiazars.