VII. Lite rat lire. — jMills, History of Chivalry (London, 1825) ; James, History of Chivalry and the Crusades (Lon- don, 1830), are well known to general readers. P'amiUar also are the notices in Blackstone's Commentaries, bk, ii, chap, v; Robertson, History of Charles V, Introduction; Hallam, Middle Ages, and Guizot, Hist, de la Cirilisation en France, ii Cours, chap. vi. The more important and authoritative Avorks on the subject are less known, and some of them are inaccessible to students in this coun- try. Among them may be specified. Lord Lyttelton, Life and History of Henry II (London, 1777, 0 vols. 8vo : tedious, but full of information); K.H.Digby,77/e5?-o«c?- stone of Honor (London, 1845-8, 3 vols. 12mo), and ]\Iores Catholici, or The Ages of Faith (London, 1844-7. 3 vols. 8vo) ; Dugdale, Dissertation tqwn Knighthood in The Antiquities of Warwickshire (London, 1056, folio); Sel- den. Titles of Honor (1614, 4to) ; Scf:^ar, Honor, Military and Civill (1G02, folio) ; Spelman, Z'isse?'to^i!0 de Milite; Upton, De Studio J\[ilitari, etc. (Londini, 1054, folio) ; Clarke, Histo}-y of Knighthood ; Sir H. N. Nicolas's He- raldic Worl-s ; Du ('ange. Gloss. Med. et Inf. Latin, title Miles, Adobare, Alopa, Armiger, Calcar, Cingulimi, Val- etus, etc., and Dissertations sur Joinville ; Muratori, An- tiq. Italicce ; ]\Iir;eus, Origines Fgnestrium sire Militari- um Ordinum; Favin, Theatre d^Honneur et de Chera- lerie ; Menestrier, De la Chevalerie ancienne et moderne ; Vulson de la Colombiere, Le Vrai Theatre d^Honneur ct de la Chevalerie ; De la Curne de St, Palaj-e, Memoires sur Vancienne Chevalerie (Paris, 1759-1780) ; Amjiere, De la Chevalerie ; Perrot, Collection Historique des Ordres de Chevalerie (Paris, 1836) ; Gourdon de Genouillac, Dic- tionnaire Historique des Ordres de Chevalerie (Paris, 1853); Reibisch, Ge,sc///c/(^e des Rittencesens (Stuttgard, 1842), A very copious account of the regular and nat- ural Orders of Honorary Knighthood — extending to 137 associations, but not including the Order of the Victoria Cross and other recent orders — ma.y be found in the En- cyclopcedia Londinensis. (G, F, H,)
Knill, RiciiART), an English missionary' of the In- dependents, was born of humble parentage, at Brami- ton, April 14, 1787, In 1816 he proceeded as a mis- sionary to India luider the London Society, where he continued until 1819, and then returned to England,
KNIPPERDOLLIXG
133
KNOBEL
Shortly after liis arrival he went to St. Petersburg, Rus- sia, to take charire of an English congregation in that city, over which lie presided many j^ears. Subsequent- ly he was appointed travelling agent for the London Missionary Society, and for eight consecutive years la- bored to awaken the Christian mind to the duty of sending the Gospel to the heathen, a work for which he was peculiarly qualified. In 1842 he became minister of a congregation in Wotton- under -Edge, and finally received a unanimous invitation to the pastorate of Queen -Street Chapel, Chaster, where he finished his eminently useful career in 1857. His style of preaching vvas simple, graphic, chaste, and fidl of unction, with a fund of illustration that rendered it always effective. See Life of Rev. Richard Knill, by the late Rev. Angell James and Charles M. Birrell (Loud. 2d ed. 1859, r2mo; N. Y. 18G0, IGmo).
Knipperdolling, Bernard, one of the leaders of the Anal)aptists of JMiinster, was born, probably in that cit}', to\vards the close of the 15th century. His at- tachment to Lutheran principles caused him to be ex- iled from JMiinster, and in his travels he connected him- self Avith the Anabaptists in Sweden. Returning to Miinster, he became the leader of the religious enthu- siasts there, together with Rothmann, SLatthiesen, and Eockhold, and, creating disturbances, he was imprisoned by order of tlie bishop of JMiinster, Imprisonment by no means dampened his ardor, and no sooner had he been released than he placed himself at the head of his partisans, and actually succeeded in becoming master of the city. Taken and imprisoned again, he was released by his friends, and soon acquired such reputation that the Anabaptists elected him in 153-1: burgomaster of Miinster. The same rabble which had succeeded in electing him to the principal office of the city now as- sumed control over him, and, making common cause with the fanatical Bockhold, better known as John of Leydeii, and with JMatthiesen, they immediately filled all public offices with their adherents, and proclaimed equality of estates, conamunlty of goods, and polygamy. All who showed the least signs of opposition were sum- marily dealt with; but so severe became Knipperdol- ling, who had subsequently been elected stadtholder, and hail appointed John of Leydeii king of Miinster, tliat he was arrested by order of the " king" and impris- oned. Tlie Roman Catholic party finally gained the upper hand in 153G, when Knipperdolling Avas taken, condemned to have his body torn with red-hot pincers, and to be afterwards put to the sword, which sentence M'as executed Jan. 23, 153G, He persisted to the last in his opinions, and refused to become reconciled to the Roman Catholic Church. His body was exhibited in an iron cage (which still remains) suspended from the belfry of St. Lambert's Church, IMiinster. See Catrou, Hist, des A nabaptistes, vol. ii ; IMencken, Scriptores Rev. Germ, iii, 1534 sq. ; Hamelmann, Ili'^t. Eccles, renati Evang. in Urhe Moiiast. 0pp. ; Conr. Heresbachie, Ilisf. facHonis Monasteriensis, edit. Boutcrwek (Elberf. 18G6, 8vo). See Anabaptists. (J. H. W.)