5. Literature. — See Henke in Ersch u. Gruber, A II- gemeine EncyUopadie, sect, ii, vol. xvi (1839), 119 sq. ; Smith, iJict. Greek and Roman Bior/. vol. ii, s. v. ; Mars- den, Hist. Christian Churches and Sects, ii, 153 ; IMilman, Hist. Latin Christianity, ii, 305 sq. ; Gibbon, Decline and Full of the Roman Empire, v, 10 sq. ; Reichel, See of Rome in the Middle A ges, p. 46 sq. ; Leckey, Hist, of Mor- als, ii, '282 ; Ffoulkes, Christendom'' s Divisions, vol. i and ii ; Hefele, Conciliengesch. (Freib. 1855) ; English transl. History of Councils (Lond. 1872, 8vo), vol. i; Baxmann, Politik der Papste (Elbfeld, 18G8), vol. i ; Hergenrother, Photius (Regensb. 18C7), vol. i ; and the references in the article Iconoclasm.
Leo THE JIagentian {ls\ayn'Ti]i'0Q or Mayti'Tivoo), a commentator on Aristotle, flourished during the first half of the 14th century. His first name, Leo, is fre- quently omitted in the MSS. of his works. He was a monk, and afterwards archbishop of My tilene. He wrote 'E^ijY))(ng etc; to Ilepi ipf.ir}vtiaQ 'ApiaroriXovc, Com- nientarius in Aristotelis De Interpretatvme Lihrum (pub- lished by Aldus, Venice, 1503, folio, with the commen- tary of Ammonius, from which Leo borrowed verj- large- ly, and the paraphrase of Psellus on the same book of Aristotle, and the commentary of Ammonius on Aristo- tle's Catcgorice s. Pradicamenta. In the Latin title of this edition, by misprint, the author is called Murgen- tinus. A Latin version of Leo's commentarj-, by J. B. Rasarius, has been repeatedly printed with the Latin version of Ammonius. Another Latin version by Je- rome Leustrius has also been printed) : — E'^iiYr,(ng tig ru UpuTfpa dvaXvKTiKO. roij 'ApiaroriXovc, Commcn- tarius in Prioi-a Analytica Aristotelis ^printed with the commentary of .John Philoponus on the sr.me work by Trincavellus [Venice, 153G, fol.] ; and a Latin version of it by Rasarius has been repeatedly printed, either sep- arately or with other commentaries on Aristotle). The following works in IMS. are ascribed, but with doubtful correctness, to Leo jNIagentenus : Commentariiis in Cale- gorias Aristotelis (extant in the King's lilirary, Paris) : — ' ApiGTO-'tXovQ (TOfptarthiiv tXiyxwi' tnjn,i'tia, Ex- positio Aristotelis De Sophislicis Elenchis; and 'Apia- TortXovg Trepi tiTropiag Trporuatwv. Ihtse two works
LEO
35-t
LEO
are mentioned by Mont faucon {Bihl.CoisUn.\\.11o) \ the latter is jxrhaps not a distinct work, but a portion of the above. In the !MS. the author is called Leontius Magen- tenus : — Commentarius in Isago(jen s. Quinque Voces Por- phtjrii. Buhle doubts if this work, which is in the Me- dicean library at Florence (Bandiiii,t'«^/fo^. Codd. Laur. Medic, iii, 239), is correctly ascribed to IMagentenus. In the cataloc;ue of the MSS. in the King's library at Paris (ii, 410, 421), two jMSS., No. mdcccxlv and mcmxxviii, contain scholia on the C(tteffori(P, the Analijtica Priora et Posteriora and the Topica of Aristotle, and the Isa- (jor/e of Porphyry, by " Magnentius." Hiihle conjec- tures, and with probability, that Magnentius is a cor- ruption of Magentenus or Magentinus ; if so, and the works are assigned to their real author, we must add the commentaries on Topica and Analijtica Posteriora to the works already mentioned. Nicolaus Comnenus Popadopoli speaks of many other works of Leo, but his authority is of little value. See Fabricius, Bihl. Greeca, iii, 210,213, 215, 218, 498; vii, 717; viii, 143; xii, 208; Montfaucon, I. c, and p. 219 ; Buhle, Opera A ristotelis, i, 165, 305, 30G, ed. Bipont ; Catalog. MStor. Biblioth. Re- ffice (Paris, 1740, foL), 1. c. — Smith, Diet. oJ'Gr. and Pom, £iog. ii, 744 sq.
Leo OF MoDENA. See Leon da Modena.
Leo THE Pjhu)Sopher (Sajnens or Philosophus'), a surname of Flavius Leo VI, emperor of Constantino- ple, noted as the publisher of the Basilica, was born A. D. 8(35, and succeeded his father, Basil I, the Macedo- nian, on ]\Iarch 1, 886. His reign presents an uninter- rupted series of wars and conspiracies. In 887 and 888 the Arabs invaded Asia Minor, landed in Italy and Sic- ily, plundered Samos and other islands in the Archipel- ago, and until 892 did away with imperial authority in the Italian dominions. By Stylianus, his father-in-law and prime minister, Leo was subjected to a bloody war with the Bulgarians ; but, by involving them, through intrigues, in a w^ar with the Hungarians, he succeeded in bringing the war with himself to a speedy termina- tion. The following years were rendered remarkable by several conspiracies against his life. That of 895 proved nearly fatal; it was fortunately discovered in time, and quelled by one Samonas, who, in reward, was created patrician, and enjoyed the emperor's favor until 910, when, suspected of treacherj', and accused of abuse of his position, he was sentenced to perpetual imprison- ment. At the opening of the 10th centurj', the Arabs and northern neighbors of the empire made another at- taclt on the imperial possessions. The former once more invaded Sicily, and took Tauromenium, and in 904 appeared in the harbor of Thessalonica with a nu- merous Heet, soon made themselves masters of this splendid city, destroyed a great portion of it, plundered the inhabitants generally, and left laden with Ijooty and captives. Leo died in 911. He was married four times, in consequence of which he was excluded from tiie com- munion with the faithful by the patriarch Nicolaus, as the (ireek Cluirch only tolerated a second marriage; it censured a third, and condemned a fourth as an atrocious sin.