LEO IV
360
LEO IX
tione et cum iiotis Hermanni Conringii (Helmst. IG-tT, 4to). The Enchiridion Lmiiis jxijiw, containing seven penitential psalms and some prayers, has been errone- ously attributed to him. See I'h. Jaft'e, Her/. Pontijic. (Berlin, 1851, 4to), p. 215 ; F. Pagi, Breviarium historico- ckronolur/ico-criticum illustriord pontiff. (4:to), ii, 1 ; J. G. Faber, Dissertatio de Leone 111, papa Romano (Tubing. 1718, -tto) ; jMilman, Hist. Latin Christianity, ii, 454 sq. ; IJankc, Hist, of Papaci/, i, 24 scp; liaKvamm, Poiitik der Pdpste, i, 304 ; Neander, Ch. /list, ii (see Index) ; Kiddle, Jlist. of Papacy, i, 320 ; Bower, Jlist. Popes, iv, 142 sq.; Schrockh, Kirchenyesch. xix, (500 sq. ; xx, 510 ; xxii, 37 sq.; Reichel, Soc of Rmne in the Middle Ages, p. 72 sq. ; Lea, Studies in Church Hist. p. 34 s(j., 38, 58, 88 note, 179 ; Knyl. Cyclop. ; Hoefer, Nouv. Bioy. Generale, xxx, 710 ; Gfrcirer, Kirchenyesch. iii, 1, 2.
Leo IV, Pope, was a native of Rome, and succeeded Scrgius II in 847. He was hastily elected, and conse- crated without waiting for the consent of the emperor Lotharius, because Home was then threatened by the Saracens, who occupied part of the duchy of Benevento, and who a short time before had landed on the banks of the Tiber, and plundered the basilica of St. Peter's on the Vatican, which was outside of the walls. Leo's con- secration, however, was undertaken with the express reservation of the emperor's rights, and when, in order to prevent a recurrence of tlie violence of the Saracens, Leo inidertook to surround the basilica and the suburb about it with waUs, the emperor sent money to assist in the work. The building of this Roman suburb oc- cupied four 3'ears, and it was named after its founder, Ciritas Leonina. Leo also restored the town of Porta, on the Tiber, near its mouth, settling there some thou- sands of Corsicans, vi\\o had run away from their country on account of the Saracens. Tow^ers were built on both banks of the river, and iron chains drawn across to pre- vent the vessels of the Saracens from ascending to Rome. Tlie port and town of Centum Cellfe being forsaken on account of the Saracens, Leo built a new town on the coast, about twelve miles distant from the other, which was called Leopolis ; but no traces of it remain now, as the modern Civita Vecchia is built on or near the site of old Centum Celte. Leo IV held a council at Rome in 853, in which Anastasius, cardinal of St. Marcel, was deposed for having remained fi\'e years absent from Rome, notwithstanding the orders of the pope. Leo died in July, 855, and fifteen days after his death Bene- dict III was elected in his place, according to the most authentic text of Anastasius, who was a contemporary ; but later writers introduce between Leo IV and Benedict III the fabulous pope Joan (q. v.). Leo has left us two entire epistles, as also fragments of several others, and a good homih^ which are contained in Labbe's Cone. See Baronius, Annal. xiv, 340; Ciaconius, i, 014; Gfrorer, Kirchenyeschichte, iii, 1, 2; Baxmann, Politik d. Pdpste, i, 281, 352; Lea, Studies in Ch. History, p. Gl, 91 ; Rid- dle, 1 1 Ut. of Papacy, i, 330 sq. ; Reichel, See of Rome in the Midille Ayes, p. 90 ; Labbe, Concil. ix, 995 ; Gieseler, Eccles. Jlist. ii, 220 sq. ; Ucrzof;, Real-Encyklop. viii, 312 ; Mosheim, Eccl. Hist, ii, 77 ; Hoefer, Xotw. Bioy. Giner. xxx, 711 ; Enylish Cyclopcedia, s. v.
Leo V, Pope, was born at Priajii, near Ardea (ac- cording to some at Arezzo). lie entered the order of Benedictines, became cardinal, and was fuially elected to the ])apal chair Oct. 28, 903. A few days afterwards, Christopher, cardinal jiriest of St. Lorenzo, in Damaso, and chaplain of Leo, instigated an insurrection at Rome, and made tlic pope jirisoner, under the plea that he was incai>al)le of governing. Christoidier now exacted from Leo a formal abdication, and the promise of returning into his convent. According to Sigonius, Leo died "of grief" in his prison one montli and nine days after his election. He was buried in ^t. John of Lrtteran. But Christo])her himself did not remain long in the papal chair, as a new revolt of the Romans drove him from the usurped see, and put in his place Sergius III, who was
the favorite of the celebrated Marozia, a powerful but licentious woman, who disjwsed of everything in Rome. The 10th century may well be termed the darkest sera of the papacy. See Platina, Historia de Vitis Pontiji- cum, etc. ; Artaud de Montor, Hist, des souverains Pon~ tifes Romains, ii, 02 ; Du Chene, Hist, des Popes ; Bax- mann, Politik der Pdpste, ii, 70 sq. ; Bower, Jlist, of the Popes, V, 80; Kiddle, Hist, of the Papacy, ii, 30; Gene- hTa.Td,Chron. ; Herzog, Real-Encyklop.\iu, 'Sib ; Enylish Cyclopu'dia ; Hoefer, Nouv. Bioy. Generale, xxx, 711.
Leo VI, Pope, a native of Rome, succeeded John X July 0, 928, and died seven months afterwards ; some say that he was put to death by Marozia, like his pre- decessor. He was succeeded by Stephen VII. — Enylish Cyclopcedia ; Hoefer, Nouv. Bioyr. Generale, xxx, 712 ; Bower, History of the Popes, x, 95.