V. Commentaries. — The following are the special ex- egetical helps on the whole or major part of this book, to the most important of which we prefix an asterisk : Origen, Sekcta. (in 0pp. ii, 179) ; also Iloniilice (ibid, iv, 184); Ephrem ^yTu», £x2)laJiaiio (in Syriac, in 0pp. ii, 236) : Theodoret, Qucestiones (in Greek, in 0pp. i) ; Isi- dorus Hispalensis, Commeniaria (in 0pp. i) ; Bede, QiKes- iiones (in 0pp. viii) ; also In Levit: {ibid, iv) ; Hesychi- us, In Levit. (in Greek, Paris, 1581, 4to ; also in the Eih- lia Max. Pair, xii) ; Claudius Taurinensis, Prcpfaiio (in Mabillon, Veter. Anedect. p. 90) ; Hugo a St. Victor, ^72- notationes (in Opj}. i) ; Eupertus Tuitiensis, In Levit. (iu Opp. i, 220) ; Eadulphus Flaviacensis, Commeniaria (Col. 1536, folio ; also in the Biblia Max. Pair, xvii, 47) ; Pe- siktha-^Iinus, Commentarius (includ. Nimib. and Deut,] (from the Heb. in LTgolino, Thesaur. xv, 997 ; x-\i sq.) ; Phrvgio, Erplanatio [together with 1 Tim.] (Basil. 1543, 4to; 1,596, 8vo); Brentius, Commeniarii (in Opp. i); Chytrteus, Enarraiiones (Vitemb. 1569, 1575, 8vo) ; Serranus, Commentarius (Antwp. 1572, 1609, fol.) ; Bro- cardus, Interpi-eiaiio (L. B. 1580, 8vo) ; Babington, Notes (in TrorA\«, p. 349) ; Pelargus, Commentarius (Lips. 1604, 4to); Lorinus, Commeniarii (Ludgun. 1619, 1622; Duac. 1620; Antwerp, 1620, fol.); \\"\\M, Sixfold Commcutarie (Lond. 1631, fol.); Franzius, Commentarius (Lips. 1696, 4to) ; Spanheim, Observationes (in Opp. iii, 617) ; Coc- ceius, Observationes (in Opp. i, 158): *Patrick, Commen- tary (Lond. 1.698, 4to ; also in Patrick, Lowth, and Whit- by's Commentary^; Dassovius, Scholia (Kilom. 1707, 4to) ; Hagemann, Betrachiunf/en (Brunswick, 1741, 4to) ; *Rosenmidler. »Sc/(o/m (Lips. 1824, 8 vo) ; Horsley, A'o/fs (in Bibl.Crit. i) ; *Berfheau, Die Sieben Grvj>pen Mos. Ge- seize (Lpz. 1840, 8vo) ; James, Sei-mons (Lond. 1847, 8vo) ; *Bonar, Commentary (Lond. 1851 [3d ed.], 1861; N.Y. 1851, 8vo); *Bush, A'o/f«(N.Y.1852, 12mo); Cumming, Readinfis (Lond. 1854, 12mo) ; *Knobel, ErlUirnn;/ [in- clud. Exod.] (vol. ii of the Kxirizfief. Exeg. lldbch. Lpz. 1857, 8vo) ; Newton. Thoughts (Lond. 1857, 12mo); *Ka~ Usch, Commentary (London. 1857 sq., 2 vols. 8 vo); Seiss, Gospel in Levii. (Phila. 1860, 12mo); *Keil, Commentar (in vol. ii of his Pentateuch, Leipsic, 1862, Edinb. 1866, 8vo) ; Siphra, Commentar (in Heb. Vienna, 1862, folio) ; Wogue, Leviiique (vol. iii of his Pentatevque, Par. 1864, 8vo) ; *Murphy, Commentary (Lond. and Andover, 1872, 8vo). See Pentateuch.
Levity is a term used to designate a certain lights ness of spirit in opposition to gravity. Nothing can be more proper than for a Christian to wear an air of cheer- fulness, and to watch against a morose and gloomy dis- position. But, though it be his privilege to rejoice, yet he must be cautious of that volatility of spirit which characterizes the unthinking, and marks the vain pro- fessor. To be cheerful without levity, and grave with- out austerity, forois both a happy and dignified charac- ter.—Buck, 7'/(w/. Diet. s. V. See Idle Woisds.
Levy (C^, mas, tribute, as usually rendered), a tax or requirement of service imposed by Eastern kings for public works, hence ngcng or company of men impressed into such service (1 Kings v, 13, 14; ix, 15). In two
LEW CHEW
407
LEYDECKER
passages other terms (n5i\ 1 Kings ix, 21 ; 12*1"!, Numb. xxxi, 28) are employed in connection with this, to de- note the exaction of tribute. See Tribute.
Lew Cliew. See Loo Choo.
Levrd (;roj'j;,ooc, bud, Acts xvii, 5), Lewdness (paoiovpyij^in, mischief, Acts xviii, 14), are used else- where in tlieir proper sense of licentiousness (nST, etc., Jadg.xx,G; Ezek. often; Jer.xi,15; xiii,27; Hos.vi,9; once for nib33, the^>a)-^*" of shame, Hos. ii, 10).
LeTwin, IIirschki., a Jewish rabbi who was born in 1721 ill Poland, and died at Berlin in 1800, is noted for his attitude towards :Moscs Mendelssohn. Lewiu was chief rabbi of Prussia in the days of the great Jewish phi- losopher, and severely censured INIendelssohn for ration- alistic views expressed in his correspondence with La- vater [see Mendelssohn], and hi his translation of the Pentateuch into German. To the credit of Lewin, how- ever, it must be stated that he by no means condemned, or permitted the condemnation of ^Mendelssohn as a her- etic, as Landau and other Polisli rabbis were inclined to do. See Griitz. Gesch. cler Juden, xi, 45 sq.
Lewis, Isaac, D.D., a Congregational minister, was born Jan. 21. 174(j (O. S.), in Stratford (now Huntington), Conn. ; graduated at Yale College in 17G5 ; entered the ministry in March, 1768; and was ordained pastor at Wilton, Conn., Oct. 26, 1768. He resigned his charge in June, 178G, and was installed October 18, 17S6, pastor in Greenwich, and there he labored until Dec. 1, 1818, when he gave up the work on account of the infirmities of age. He died Aug. 27, 1840. Li 1816 he was made a member of Yale College Corporation, but resigned in 1818. He published a few occasional sermons. — Sprague, .4 nnals of the American Pulpit, i, 662.
Lewis, John Nitchie, a Presbyterian minister, was born in Westchester Co., N. Y., in 1808. He grad- uated at Yale College in 1828, and studied theology both at Andover and Princeton, and was licensed at Goshen, N. Y., in 1832. He preached for a number of years, principally in the State of New York, and was then chosen secretary of the Central American Education So- ciety in New York. He was for some time editor of the Seaman's Muf/azine, and wrote a Jlanual for the Pres- byterian Church. He died in 1861. — Wilson, rreshj- terian Historical Almanac, 1863.