abolished in that year; but, on the other hand, it must be ]iosterior to G85, for in caput ii, tit. ix, the emperor (Jonstantine (Pogonatus) is spoken of as being akeady (lead. It must also have been written under some suc- cessor of Agatho (f G82), as this Koman bishop is also mentioned as dead. Garnerius supposed it to have been composed in the time of Gregory II, somewhat after 714, on the ground that in the second pi-q/'essio Jidei jMiitip'ris, given in the Liher Diiirnus, there are expres- sions and views which correspond exactly to those we find in the letters of that pope to the emperor Leo. It is likely, though, that the Liber iJiurnus existed orig- inally in a more elementary fonn before it assumed that muler which it is known at present, for the different MS. copies of it differ somewhat from each other. The Liher Diiirnus was frequently consulted by all writers on canon law, such as Ino of Chartres, Anselm of Lucca, Deusdedit, Gratian (c. 8, dist. xvi). As the ritual and various points of law underwent modifications in the course of time, it was less used, and its existence even came to be concealed by the popes for fear lest it might recall their former dependence upon the emperors and eparehs. Still there were copies of it in existence, and a codex contained in the library of the Vatican was published in IGGO by the care of Lucas Holstenius; it was. however, at once suppressed by the Roman see. Hoffmann (Xovu coUectio scriptorum ac nionumentorum, Lipsi:e, 1733. 4to, i, 389) attributes to Baluze (in the re- marks on Petrus de Marca, Be concordia sacerdotii ac imperii, lib. i, cap. ix, No. viii) the statement that at the time of Holstenius the Vatican library possessed no codex of the Liher Diurnus, and that his publication was based upon a j\IS. intrusted to him by the Cistercian monk Hilarius Kancatus. But as both editions of the works of P. de ]\Iarca, published at Paris by Baluze, state only (lib. ii, cap. xvi. No. viii) that Holstenius's l)ublication of the Liher Diurnus was suppressed, and Baluze again, in his notes appended to Anton. Augus- tinus, De emendatione Grutiani, lib. i, dialogus xx, § 13 (ed. Par. 1760, p. 433), saj-s that there were various cop- ies of the Liber Diurnus in existence, from one of which, that in the Vatican Ubrary, Holstenius published his edition, it seems reasonable to suppose that Hoffmann's statement lacks support. As for Rancatus, MabiUon names Leo Allatius, and not Holstenius, as the party to whom he imparted the IMS. (see also Cave, Scriptonnn eccl. hut. literaria, Basle, 1741, i, 621). The MS. of the Vatican has actually been described by Pertz {Italien- ische Rtise,\\\ Archiv.f.dltere deutsche Geschic/itshinde, v, 27). He says that it is an 8vo vol. of parchment, and that, according to the statement found on its first pages, it dates from the 8th century. The Jesuit Jo- annes Garnerius, with the aid of a similar codex and a MS. found in Paris, published in 1680 another edition of the Liher Diurnus,'' cum privilegio regis Christianis- simi." ^Maliillon, in the Museum Ifalicum (folio II, ii, 32 sq.). ]iu1ilished additions to it by means of the MS. which ha<l been used by Leo Allatius. With the aid of all these works, Hoffmann published a new edition of it in the Xora colkrfio cit. (vol. ii), which was sub- sequently done also by Riegger (V^ienna, 17G2, 8vo). All this gave rise afterwards to collections of formulas to replace the obsolete TAher Diurnus. There are several such collections still extant in MS. Among them the luirmuhirium et stylus scriptorum curice. Rnman<v, from John XXII to Gregory XII and John XXIII, in Sum- nid rmiri/ftiriii Joannh XXI I. W'c may also consider as belonging to this class of works the Rituum ecclesi- ostirorum sire cei'emoniminn lihri tres of bishop Augus- tinus Patricius Piccolomini, printed by Hoffmann (ii, 26i> s(|.), and containing a description of the rites accom- panying the election of the ])opcs in the 14th cx-ntury. Cnllectious of formulas similar to the Liher Diurnus were also made for the use of l)isho|)S, ablwfs, etc. See Rockinger, Xarlnreisuuf/en iiher Formelbiiche.r v. xiii^xvi .Tahrhuud. (]\Iunich, 1855, \\ 64, 126, 173, 18.3, etc.) ; Pa- \Mk\,Ueber Formelbiicher (yraguc, 1842) ; llerzog, 7?ea/-
EncyUop. viii, 366; Wetzer u.Welte, Kirchen-Lex. voL
V, s. V.
Liberia, or the United States of- Liberia, a negro re]nil)lic in Western Africa, on the upper coast of LTpper Guinea. The boundaries are not definitely fixed, but provisionally the River Thebar has been adopted as the north-western, and the San Pedro as the eastern frontier. The rejiublic has a coast-line of 600 miles, and extends back 100 miles, on an average, but with the probability of a vast extension into the interior as the tribes near the frontier desire to conclude treaties providing for the incorporation of their territories with Liberia. The present area is estimated at 9700 square miles. The republic owes its origin to the "American Colonization Society," which was established in December, 1816, for the purpose of removing the negroes of the United States froin the cramping influences of American slav- ery, and placing them in their own fatherland. There, it was hoped, they would be able to refute, by practical demonstration, the views of those American politicians who contended that the institution of American slavery was essentially righteous and signally beneficent. The society, in November, 1817, sent two agents to Western Africa, the Rev. Dr. Ebenezer Burgess and Samuel J. Mills, to select a favorable location for a colony of American negroes. After visiting Gambia, Sierra Le- one, and Sherbro, they fixed upon the last-named place. The first expedition of emigrants, 86 in nnmlier, was sent out in Februarj^, 1820, After various disappoint- ments, the emigrants succeeded in obtaining a foothold on Cape INIesurado, in lat, 6° 19' N., long. 10° 49' W., where now stands Monrovia, the capital of the republic of Liberia. The purchase of the Mesurado territory, including Cape ISIesurado and the lands, forming near- ly a peninsula, between the Mesurado and the Junk rivers, about 36 mUes along the coast, with an average breadth of about two miles, was effected in December, 1821. For a hundred years the principal powers of Eu- rope, in particular France and England, had repeatedly tried to gain possession of this territorj', but the native chiefs had invariably refused to part with even one acre, and were known to be extremely hostile to the whites. On January 7, 1822, the smaller of the two islands lying near the mouth of the IMesurado River was occupied by the colonists, who called it Perseverance Island. They remained here until April 25, when they removed to jMesurado Heights, and raised the American flag. The colony henceforth grew, and expanded in territory and influence, taking under its jurisdiction- from time to time the large tribes contiguous. In 1846 the boar<l of directors of the American Colonization Societj' invited the colony to proclaim their independent sovereignty, as a means of protection against the oppressive inter- ference of foreigners, and a special fund of 815,000 was raised to buy up the national title to all the coast from Sherbro to Cape Palmas, in order to secure to the new nationality contimuty of coast. In July, 1847, the dec- laration of independence, prepared by Hilary Teoge, was published. Representatives of the people met in convention, and promulgated a constitution similar to that of the United States. Soon after the new re]iublic tvas recognised by England and France ; in 1852 it Avas in treaty stijiulations with England, France, Belgium, Prussia, Italy, the United States, Denmark, Holland, Hayti, Portugal, and Austria.