The investigations made on this subject permit us to distuiguish three continuations of the Liber Pontijica- lis. 1. From an unknown source have been composed three histories of the popes: («) one is contained in the Vatican Codex, 3764, extending from Laudo (912) to Gregory VII, and belonging to the end of the 11th cen- tury. It is reproduced in the tirst volume of Vignoli's edition of the Liber Pontijicalis. (b) The second, in the codex of the library of Este, vi, 5, and extending as far down, was written during Gregory's lifetime. (c) The third, dating from the time of Paschal II, in the early part of the 12th century (in the library of Ma- ria sopra Minerva at Rome). 2. Another continuation of the Liber Pontijicalis, composed in the Pith century, extends from Gregory VII to Honorius II (1124-1129). Onuphrius Paiivini and Baronius name as its author either the subdeacon Pandulph of Pisa or a Roman li- brarian named Peter Constant. Gaetani published in 1638 a biography of Gelasius II alone, and asserted that the continuation of the Liber Pontijicalis tlown to Inno- cent III was due to cardinal Pandulph Masca of Pisa, and was written in the time of Innocent III. But Papebroch brings forth very plausible arguments to prove that the subdeacon Peter of Pisa wrote only the biography of Paschal II, and that the subsequent ones are due to the subdeacon Peter of Alatri, still Muratori, in the 3d vol. of the Scripfo7-es, gives this collection of biographies under the name of Pandulph of Pisa, and the question of authorship has not been further inquired into since. Giesebrecht (p. 262 sq.) maintains that the Codex Vaticanus 3762, of the Pith century, is the orig- inal from which all the other MSS. were copied (also the codex No. 2017, of the 14th century, in the Barbe- rini Library at Rome ; comp. Vignoli, IJber Pontif. vol. iii; Pertz, Archie, p. 54), and also that the author of the life of Paschal I Avas tlie cardinal-deacon Peter. The life of Gelasius II and that of Calixtus II were writ- ten by Pandulph after 1130, as is shov.-n by his own statement (^Muratori, iii, 389, 419). The similarity of style shows that he wrote also the life of Honorius II. But it is highly probable that Pandulph is the same person afterwards designated as the cardinal-deacon of the church of St. Cosmas and Damianus, a nephew of Hugo of Alatri, cardinal-iiriest and for a long time gov- ernor of Benevento. Peter and Pandul]ih were jiartisans of Anaclctus II, and were afterwards declared schismatics by the adherents of Innocent II; this jiut an end to their work. 3. xYnother continuation originated at the close of the r2th century. Baronius designates it as
LIBER SEXTUS
416
LIBERTINE
the Acta Vaticana , hut iMiiratori published it under the name of the cardinal of Arai^on. Nicolas Koselli (a Dominican, made cardinal in lool, f in 13G2) caused a collection of old historical documents to be prepared, which contained the lives of the jiopes from Leo IX to Alexander III (omitting Victor III and Urban II), and also the bioj^raphy of Gregory IX. Pertz (Archiv. p. 97) says that these biographies are borrowed from the Liher censuum camerce cipostoliccB of Cencius Camera- rius, who in 1216 became pope under the name of Hono- rius III. But these also are not the work of Cencius himself, but of some anterior writer. The life of Adrian IV was written by his relative, cardinal Boso, from ma- terials furnished by himself, during the reign of Alex- ander III. The life of Alexander III was written at the same time, and most likely also by Boso, who prob- ably wrote most of the whole collection. The introduc- tion is taken from Bonizo's collection of canons, the bi- ographies of John XII, and from Leo IX down to Greg- ory A'll are adapted from the ad Amiciim of the same writer; subsequent ones down to Eugenius III are based on the records, but after that they become more com- jilete, resting on Boso's own experience, as he then lived at Home. For subsequent biographies the sources are much more numerous. We might also mention, as a compendium of the whole, the .1 ctiis Poniijicum Ro- manorum of the Augustinian monk Amalricus Angerii, written in 1365, and extending from St. Peter to John XII (1321), which is to be found in Eccard, Coi-pus hist, viedii mvi, ii, 1641 sq., and in iMuratori, vol. iii, pt. ii. — Herzog, Real-Enq/Jdop. viii, 367 sq. See Baxmann, Polifik der Piipste (Elberfeld, 1868), vol. i (see Index) ; Watterich, Vitm Romuiwrum Poniijicum (Lpz. 1862) ; Pi- per, Einleit. in die mouuineiitide Theoloyie (Gotha, 1867) ; De Rossi, Roma Sotterunea (1857).
Liber Sextus and Septimus. See Canons AND Decretals, Collections ok.
Lib'ertine (At/SEprlvoe, for the Latin liheiiinus, a fncd-maii) occurs but once in the N. T., ''Certain of the synagogue, which is called (the s^-nagogue) of the Lib- ertines, and Cyrenians, and Alexandrians," etc. (Acts vi, 9). There has been much diversity in the inteqireta- tion of this ^\•ord. The structure of the passage leaves it doubtful how many synagogues are implied in it. Some (Calvin, Beza, Bengel) have taken it as if there were but one synagogue, including men from all the dif- ferent cities that are named. Winer {N. T. Gramm. p< 179), on grammatical grounds, takes the repetition of the article as indicating a fresh group, and finds accord- ingly two synagogues, one inchuling Libertines, Cyre- nians, Alexandrians; the other those ofCUicia and Asia. Meyer (^Comment, ad loc.) thinks it unlilsely that out of 480 synagogues at Jerusalem (the number given by rabbinic writers, Meriill. Ixxiii, 4; Ketub. cv, 1) there should have been one, or even two only, for natives of cities and districts in which the Jewish population was so numerous (in Cyrene one fourth, in Alexandria two fifths of the whole [ Josephus, Ant. xiv, 7, 2 ; xiv, 10, 1 ; xix, 5, 2 ; War, ii, 13, 7 ; Ap. 2, 4J), and on that ground assigns a separate synagogue to each of the proper names. Of the name itself there have been several ex- planations.