wood, but fragments of iron and brass. Now there is no peculiar attractive power in the hyacinth; nor is Beck- niann's explanation of this point sufficient. He savs: 'If we consider its (the lyncyrium's) attracting of small bodies in the same light which our hyacinth has in com- mon with all stones of the glassy species, I cannot see anything to controvert this opinion, and to induce us to believe the lyncyrium and the tourmaline to be the same.' But surely the lyncyrium, whatever it be, had in a marked manner magnetic jn-ojierties ; indeed, the term was applied to the stone on this very account, for the Greek name ligurion appears to be derived from Xfi\'£ii', ' to lick,' ' to attract,' and doubtless was selected by the Sept. for this reason to express the Hebrew word, which has a similar derivation. Hence Dr. Watson {F'hilos. Trans. Ii, 394) identities the Greek lyncyrium with the tourmaline, or, more definitely, with the red variety known as rubeUite, which is a hard stone, and used as a gem, and sometimes sold for i-ed sapphii-e. Tourmaline becomes, as is well known, electrically polar when heated. Beckmann's objection, that, ' had Theo- phrastus been acquainted with the tourmaline, he would have remarked that it did not acquire its attractive power till it was heated,' is answered by his own admis- sion on the passage, quoted from the Hist, de I' A cudemie for 1717, p. 7 (see Beckmann, i, 91). Tourmaline is a mineral found in many parts of the world. The duke de Noya purchased two of these stones in Holland, which are there called aschentrikker. Linnseus, in his preface to the Flora Zeylandica, mentions the stone under the name of kqns electricus from Ceylon. The natives call it toumamal {Phil. Trans, 1. c). Many of the precious stones which were in the possession of the Israelites durirg their wanderings were no doubt obtained from the Lgyptians, who might have procured from the Tyr- ian merchants specimens from even India and Ceylon, etc. The fine specimen of rubellite now in the British Museum belonged formerly to the king of Ava" (Smith). Lik'hi (Hel). Likchi', ^rip5, learned, otherwise cap- tivator; Sept. AaKtici v. r. Aaici^i, Vulg. Leci), the third named of the four sons of Shemidah or Shemida, son of Manasseh (1 Chron. vii, 19; comp. Josh, xvii, 2). He does not appear to have had a numerous if any progeny, as his name does not occur in the account of the Ma- nassite families (Numb, xxvi, 32). B.C. post 1860.
Lilbiirne, John, a Quaker preacher, noted for his republicanism, was born of an old family in Durham County in 1G13. In liis earl}' youth he was a clothier. He entered the ministry after he had suffered great- ly by prosecution for his opposition to the government. His intrepid defence of his rights as a free-born Eng- lishman before the dreaded bar of the High -Church party gained for him the familiar appellation of •' free- born John." He was condemned to receive five hun- dred lashes at the cart-tail, and to stand in the pil- lory ; but his spirit was only aroused by this disgrace- ful punishment. His name became the watchword of the party known as Levellers. During the Kcvolution he fought bravely against the king at Edge Hill and Marston jNIoor, where he led a regiment. Lilburne's. chief fault was the want of a more statesmanlike spirit, so that he was continually sinking from the leading po- sition he might have held, in virtue of his integrity and intrepidity, to that of a demagogue. He boldly ac- cused Oomwell and Ireton of treason, and the former tried in vain to make him comprehend the real situation of affairs, and seems at last to have given him uj) in de- spair, and to have jirosecuted him from necessity, while he valued his steady qualities and incorru]itilile nature. Reduced to (iniesccnce under the iron hand of the ]iro- tector. his ]i()litical enthusiasm subsided info the relig- ious, and the farrious John Lilburne became a ])reacher among the Quakers. He died in 1G57. — Appleton's Cy- clop. of liiography. ]). 497.
Lilienthal, Michael, a Gorman theologian, was born at liebstadt. in Prussia, Sept. 8, 1GS6. He studied
LILIENTHAL
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theology at Konigsberg and Jena, and became professor in the University of Kostock. He afterwards visited Holland, where he studied ])hilology and archiEology, and after his return was for some years professor at Ko- nigsberg. In 17 U he became assistent librarian of that university, and in 1719 was appointed deacon of one of the churches at Heidelberg. He was made member of the Academy of Berlin in 1711, and of that of Strasburg in 1733. He died at Konigsberg Jan. 23, 1750. His principal works are Biblisch-exegetische Bibliothek (Ko- nigsb. 1740-1744, 3 vols. 8vo) •.—Bibiischer Archivurius d. tieiligen Schrift (Konigsb. 1745-1746, 2 vols. 4to : it contains a list of Biblical commentators, arranged in the order of the difficult passages) ■.— Theolo;iisch-humelit. A rckivarius (Konigsberg, 1749, 4to). See Herzog, Real- Enryklop. viii, 413 ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generule, xxxi, 225. (J. N. P.)
Lilienthal, Theodor Christopher, an eminent German theologian and writer, was born at Konigsberg Oct. 8, 1711. He studied at the university of his na- tive place, and afterwards at Jena and Tubingen, and, after making a journey through Holland and England, spent some time in the University of Halle. He was soon after appointed adjunct professor at Konigsberg, and in 1744 became extraordinary professor and doctor of theology. In 174G he was made pastor of the com- munity of Neu-Kossgiirten, and subsequently became ordinary professor of theology, and church and school counsellor. He died March 17, 1782. Among his works we notice Die gute Sache der gottlichen Offhibarung wi- dei' die Feinde derselben enviesen it. gerettet (Konigsberg, 1750-82, 16 vols. : additions and variations to the first four parts appeared in 1778, and also an augmented ad- dition in the same year). It gives a full collection of the divers objections that have been urged agamst Chris- tianity, and answers every one. It is consequently use- ful as a book of reference on this subject, like Lardner's Credibility of the Gosjjel History, although, on account of its bulk and its antiquated apologetic stand-point, it is less lit to be in itself used as a weapon against incre- dulity. He wrote also De Canone Missm Gregoriano (Leyden, 1739, 8vo) : — Historia beatce Dorothea, Prus- sia} j^i^fronce, fabulis variis muculata (Dantzig, 1743, 4to) : — Commentatio critica duorum codicum Biblia He- braica continentium (Dantzig, 1769, 4to), and a large number of sermons, dissertations, etc. See Schrockh, K. Gesch.seit d. Reformation, vi, 291 ; Herzog, Real-Encyklo- padic, viii, 413 ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxxi, 226. (J. N. P.)