of the French Revolution to return to England. The college was finally settled at Ushaw, near the city of Durham, and IMr. Lingard there performed the duties of some of its offices. He revisited France for a short time during the dangerous period of the Revolution, and on one occasion barely escaped being mobbed as a priest. In 1805 he wrote for the Newcastle Courant a series of letters, which were collected and published under the title of Catholic Loyalty vindicated (12mo). He after- wards wrote several controversial pamphlets, which in 1813 were published in a volume having the title of Tracts on several Subjects connected ivith the Civil ami Religious Principles of the Catholics (reprinted by F. Lucas, Jr., at Baltimore, 1823, 12mo, and often). Dr. Lingard's great work, however, is his History of Eng- land from the First Invasion by the Romans to the Ac- cession of William and Mary in 1688 (London, 1819- 25, 6 vols. 4to ; 2d edit. 1823-31, 14 vols. 8vo ; 4th edit. 1837, 13 vols. 12mo ; 5th ed. 1849-50, 10 vols. 8vo ; 6th ed. 1854-55, 10 vols. 8vo; American editions, published by Dunigan, N. Y., 13 vols. 12mo ; by Sampson & Co., of Boston, 1853-54, 13 vols. 12mo, of which the last is the best). It is a work of great research, founded on an- cient writers and original documents, displaying much erudition and acuteness, and opening fields of inquiry previously unexplored. The narrative is clear, the dates are accurately given, and the authorities referred to distinctly. The style is perspicuous, terse, and unos- tentatious. The work, perhaps, exhibits too exclusive- ly the great facts and circumstances, militarj', civil, and ecclesiastical, and enters less than might be desirable into the manners, customs, arts, and condition of the people. In all matters connected with the Romish Church the work is, as might have been expected, col- ored by the very decided religious opinions of the au- thor, but these arc not offensively set forth. Dr. Lin- gard, after the completion of his " History of England," paid a visit to Rome, where pope Leo XII offered to make him cardinal, but he refused the dignity, partly because he did not feel qualified for the office, and partly because it woulil have interfered with his favorite stud- ies. He spent the last forty years of his life in the small preferment belonging to the Roman Catholic church at the village of Hornby, near Lancaster, enjoying the esteem and friendship of all, both Protestants and Ro- man Catholics. He died July 13, 1851, and was buried in the cemetery of St. Cuthbert's College, at Ushaw, to which institution he bequeathed his librarj% Lingard was also the author of Catechetical Instructions on the Doctrines and Worship of the Catholic Church (2d edit. Lond. 1840, 12mo; 3d ed'it. 1844, 18mo) :— .4 Revieio of certain Anti-Catholic Publications (Lond. 1813, 8vo) : — Examination of certain Opinions advanced by Bishop Burgess (anon.) (Manchester, 1813, 8vo) : — Strictures on Dr. Marsh's Comparative View of the Churches of England and Rome (Lond. 1815, 8vo) : — Observations on the Laws and Ordiriances which exist in Foreign States relative to the Religious Concerns of their Roman Catholic Subjects (anon.) (Lond. 1817, 8vo) : — Documents to ascer- tain the Sentiments of British Catholics in former Ages respecting the Power of the Popes (Lond. 1819, 8vo) : — The Ilistori/ and Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church (Lond. 1806; 1845, 2 vols. 8vo; Phil. 1841, 12mo). In 1836 he published anonymously an English translation of the N. T., which is said to be accurate and faithful in several passages where the Douai translation is faulty. See Engl. Cycl. s. v.; the London Times (July 25, 1851) ; Gentleman's Magazine (Sept. 1851, p. 323 sq.) ; Herzog, Real-Encyklvp. vol. viii, s. v. ; Lowndes, Brit. Lib. p. 1096 sq. ; Bi-it. and For. Rev. 1844, p. 374 sq. ; and the excel- lent article in Allibone, Diet. By-it. and A mer. A uthors, ii, 1102-1105. (J. H.W.)
Lingendes, Claude de, a noted French pulpit orator of the Jesuits, was bom at iMoulins in 1591. He entered the order, and soon rose to high distinction. He was intrusted with several important missions. He died at Paris, where he was superior of his order, April
LINGENDES
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LINUS
12, 1660. See Hoefcr, Xoin: Biograph. GeneraJe, xxxi, '27.S.
Lingendes, Jean de, a French pulpit orator, a relative of the preceding, was born at IMoulins in 1595. As chaplain to Louis XIII, he became quite eminent for liis i,'reat talents in the pulpit. lie was made bishop of Macon in 1650. He died in 1GG5. See Hoefer, A'ouf. Biog. Geni'r. xxxi, 278.
Link, Johann Wolfgang Conrad, a German theologian, was born at Pirmasens April 23, 1753. In 1771 he entered the University of Giessen, and in 177-1 was graduated A.M. In 1775 he obtained the chair of philosophy at that university as professor extraordinary, and in 1778 he became pastor at Bischofsheim, near Darmstadt. He died suddenly Dec. 23, 1788. In addi- tion to liis theological researches, his extensive knowl- etlge of modern languages enabled him to translate Eng- lisii ^vorks into German and German productions into English, the latter for the "Universal English Library." Of his own compositions we mention Ueber das hehrd- isdie Spnichstudium (Giess. 1777, 8vo) : — Diss.de Schilo a Jacoho predicto Genes. -19, 10 (il)id, 1774, 4to). See Do- ring, Gekhrte Theol. Leittschl. vol. ii, s. v.