(5.) Ciianamal' (^^il^I, occurs only in Psa. Ixxviii, 47 ; Sept. iraxviri ; Aq. iv Kpvei ; Vulg. in prui7ia ; Eng. "frost"). Notwithstanding this concurrence of Sept., Vulg., and Aquila, it is objected that "frost" is nowhere mentioned as having been employed in the plagues of Egypt, to which the Psalmist evidently alludes ; but that, if his words be compared with Exod. x, 5, 15, it will be seen that the locusts succeeded the hail. The Psalmist observes the same order, putting the devourer after the hail (comp. Mai. iii, 11). Hence it is -thought to be another term for the locust. If this inference be correct, and assuming that the Psalmist is describing facts, this would make a fourth species of locust era- ployed against Egj'pt, two of the others, the arbeh and chasil, being mentioned in the preceding verse. Pro- posed derivation, tliPI, to seHle, and PI^O, to cut off, be- cause where locusts settle they cut off leaves, etc., or as denoting some non-migrating locust which settles in a locality (see Bochart, in roc"). Michaelis (Sujiplem. 846) suggests the signification of aitfs, comparing the Arabic name for that insect, with PI prefixed. Gesenius regards it as a quadriliteral, and argues from the term 1"i3, hail, in the parallel member, that it denotes some- thing peculiarly destructive to trees. See Frost.
(6.) Chasil' (b'lOri, 1 Kings viii,37 ; 2 Chron. vi, 28 ; Psa. Ixxviii, 46; Isa. xxiii, 4; Joel i, 4; ii, 2,5; Septuag. oKpiQ, but in 2 Chron. l3povx(^i: ; Vulg. rubigo, bruchiis, cerugo ; Engl, always "caterpillar"). Gesenius derives it from the root ^BH, to eat off, Deut. xxxiii, 38. It thus points to the same generic idea of destructiveness prominent in all this genus. See Caterpillar.
(7.) Chargol' (PS'nn, only in Lev. xi, 22; Septuag, 60(o/(«%>;c, Vulg. ophivmachus, Auth. Vers, "beetle"), de- rived by Gesenius from the Arabic quadriliteral root by^n, to gallop as a horse, and applied by the Arabs to a flight of wingless locusts, but thought by him to in- dicate in Leviticus a winged and edible locust. Beck- mann has arrived at the conclusion that some insect of the sphex or ichneumon kind was meant (apud Bochart, a Ilosenmiiller, iii, 264). The genus of locusts called Truxalis, said to live upon insects, has been thought to answer the description. But is it a fact that the genus Truxalis is an exception to the rest of the Acridites, and is pre-eminently insectivorous? ServiUe {Orthop)t. p. 579) believes that in their manner of living the Trux- alides resemble the rest oi the. Acridites, but seems to allow that further investigation is necessary. Fischer (Orthop. Europ. p. 292) says that the nutriment of this family is plants of various kinds. It is some excuse for the English rendering " beetle" in this place, that Plmy classes one species of gryllus, the house-cricket, G. domes-
LOCUST
484
LOCUST
iicus, under the scaraban (Tlist. Xaf. xi, 8). The Jews interpret charr/ul to-mean a species of yrussJiopper, Ger- man heuschrecke, which ]\[. Lewysohn identities with Locusta viridissima, adopting the etymology of Bochart and Gesenius. The Jewisli women used to carry the eggs of the charr/ul in their ears to presence them from tiie earache (Buxtorf, Lex. Chuld. et Rabbin, s. v. Char- gul). See Beetle.
(8.) Ye'lek (pb)|',Psa.cv,3-i,/3por'xoc,i'"2'c7(«s," cat- erpillars ;" Jer. li, 14, 27, ciKpiq, hnichiis, " caterpillars ;" and in the latter passage the Vulgate reads bruchus acu- leatus, and some copies liorripilantes ; Joel i, 4 ; ii, 25, ^QovxoQ, hruchus, "canker-worm;" Nah. iii, 15, 16, aicniQ and /3poSxoe, " canker-worm"). Assuming that the Psalmist means to say that the ijdek was really an- other species employed in the plague on Egypt, the English word caterpillar in the common acceptation can- not be correct, for we can liardly imagine that the larvae of the Papilionidae tribe of insects could be carried by '• winds." Canker-worm means any icorm that preys on fruit. Bpoi'xoQ could hardly be understood by the Sept, translators of the minor prophets as an untledged locust, fur in Nah. iii, 10 they give tlie lipovxoQ flies mcay. As to the etymology, the Arabic p5^, to be white, is oifered ; hence the white locust or the chafer-worm, which is white (Michaelis, ^e«/«7 rfe Quest, y>.Q\; Supp.ad Lex. Hcb. 1080). Others give pp5, to lick off, as Gesenius, who refers to Numb, xxii, 4, where this root is applied to the ox " licking" up his pasturage, and which, as de- scriptive of celerity in eating, is supposed to apply to the ytlek. Others suggest the Arabic pp\ to hasten, al- luding to the quick motions of locusts. The passage in Jer. li, 27 is the only instance where an epithet is ap- plied to the locust, and there we find p5^ I^D, "rough caterpillars." As the noun derived from this descriptive term ("1 ^DCO) means " nails," " sharp-pointed spikes," Michaelis refers it to the rough, sharp-pointed feet of some species of chafer (iit supra). Oedman takes it for the G. cristatus of Linn. Tychsen, with more proba- bility, refers it to some rough or bristly species of locust, as the G. hmnatopus of Linn., whose thighs are cihated ■with hairs. Many grj-lli are furnished with spines and bristles ; the whole species -4 cheta, also the jjupa species of Linn., called by Degeer Locusta jnipu s2)inosa, which is thus described : Thorax ciliated with spines, abdo- men tuberculous and spinous, posterior thighs armed be- neath with four spines or teeth ; inhabits Ethiopia. The allusion in Jeremiah is to the ancient accoutrement of war-horses, bristling with sheaves of arrows. See Can-