3. St. MACiNus, of Altinum, in Venicia, became bish- op of Odessa about 638 ; transmitted his episcopal charge to Heraclea, and died about 660. He is commemorated Oct. 6.
4. St. Magnus flourished in the earlyhalf of the 6tli century, as bishop of Milan (522-529). He is commem- orated Nov. 5. — Herzog, Eeed-Encyldoji. viii, 687 ; Pierer, Univ.Lex.yi,7lS. (J.N. P.)
Magnus, John or Jonas, a noted Swedish prel- ate, was born at Linkciping INIarch 19, 1488, of noble parentage. When only eighteen years old he obtaine<l a canonicate at his native place ; later he continued his theological studies at Louvain, afterwards in several uni- versities of Germany and Ital\', and resided several years at Rome, ivhere he gained the favor of the papal court. In 1520 Perusa honored him with the doctorate of theology. A short time after, probablj' in 1523 (the year of Va.sa's ascension to the throne), he was dis- patched to his native country by pope Adrian VI to stem the inroads of the reformed doctrines in that north- ern country. Gustavus Vasa received Magnus kindly, and elevated him to the archbishopric of Upsal; but later, when Gustavus Vasa himself inclined tovrards Protestantism, Magnus made liimself unpopular, and was finally obliged to quit the country, after Lutheran- ism and religious liberty had been established in Sweden (1527). Several later attempts to stem the progress of the reformed doctrines proved unsuccessful, and he re- turned disheartened to Rome in 1541. He died at Rome March 22, 1544. One of his works deserves our notice, Ilvitoria Metropolilana sen episcoporum et archieplscopo- 1-iim Upsaliensiitm (Rome. 1557, 1560, fol.). See Niceron, Memoires, xxxv, s. v. ; Chauffepie, Diction. Hist. s. v. ; Hoefer, \uitr. Biog. Generale, xxxii, 732.
Magnus, Olaus, a Swedish prelate, brother of the preceding, was born at Linkoping, near the close of the 15th century; was provost of the (Juirch at Strcgnes when Gustavus I sent him to Rome to secure the papal confirmation to the appointment of his brother John to the archiepiscopal see of Upsal. It is not exactly known when Olaus returned to Sweden, but it is certain that after 1527 he was constantly with his brother as his sec- retarv. After John's decease Olaus was appointed by the pope to succeed to the archbishopric of Ujisal, but the Reformation had in the meanwhile changed the ec- clesiastical relations in Sweden, and he never filled the archiepiscopal chair. He attended the Council of Trent by order of pojie Paul III. Hence the mistake on the part of some writers of making John IMagnus a member of the Tridentine gathering, which took place two years
MAGOG
653
MAHA-BHARATA
after his decease (1544). Olaus returned to Rome from Trent, and died there in 1568. His works, which are of minor interest, are given in Hoefer, Xoui: Biog, Gene- rale, xxxii, 734.
Ma'gOg (Heb. il/«/7o^', SiS'S, rerjhn of Gog [see be- low]; Sept. Mayaiy, Vulg. Magog), the second son of Japhet(Gen.x, 2; lChron.i,5). B.C. post 2514. "Va- rious etymologies of the name have been suggested. Knobel {Vulkert. p. 63) proposes the Sanscrit mah or malia, 'great,' and a Persian word signifj-ing ' mountain,' in which case the reference would be to the Caucasian range. The terms ghogh and moghefaxe. still applied to some of tlie heights of that range. This etymologj' is supported by Von Bohlen {Introd. to Gen. ii, 211). On the other hand, Ilitzig {Comm. in Ez.) connects the first syllable with the Coptic ma, ' place,' or ths Sanscrit maha, ' land,' and the second with a Persian root, kola, ' the moon,' as though the term had reference to moon-wor- shippers" (Smith). In Ezekiel (xxxviii, 2 ; xxxix, 6) it occurs as the name of a nation, and, from the associated names in all the passages where it occurs, it is supposed to represent certain Scythian or Tartar tribes descended from the son of Japhet. See Ethnology. Thus, in Genesis, it is coupled with Gomer (the Cimmerians) and Madai (the Medes), among the Japhetites, while Ezekiel joins it with INIeshech and Jnbal ("CS"! X^w3, "chief prince," should h% prince of Eosh), as the name of a great and powerfid people, dwelling in the extreme re- cesses of the north, who are to invade the Holy Land at a future time. Their king is there called Gog. The people of JIagog further appear as having a force of cav- alry (xxxviii, 15), and as armed with the bow (xxxix, 3). The oldest versions give the word unchanged ; but Josephus (.4 nt. i, 6, 3) interprets it by Scythians (^Kv^ai), and so Jerome ; but Suidas renders it Persians. " Mi- chaelis {Siippl. ad Lex. Heh. 1471), KosenmliUer {Scho- lia in Gen. x, 2), and Gesenius (Thesaunts, s. v.) adopt the view that the Scythians generally are intended. Bochart (I'haleg,\\\, 19) suggests that the name Gog appears in Y(i)yapi]vi.], the name of a district near to that through which the Araxes flows (Strabo, p. 528); and this falls in with the supposition that the Magogites were Scyth- ians, for the traditions of the latter represent their na- tion as coming originally from the vicinity of the Arax- es (Diod. Sic. ii, 43). Since Bochart's time the general consent of scholars has been in favor of regarding the eastern Scythians as the Magog of Genesis; but Kiepert ' associates the name with Macija, or Jfaka, and applies it to Scythian nomad tribes which forced themselves in between tlie Arian or Arianized Medes, Kurds, and Ar- menians' (Keil and Delitzsch, Bib!. Comment, on the 0. T. [Clark], i, 163); while Bunsen places Magog in Arme- nia ; though in the map accompanying his Eibelwerk it is placed to the north of the Euxine. Knobel also places Magog there, and connects the Scythian tribes thus named with those which spread into Europe, and were allied to the Sarmatians, who gave their name ul- timately to the whole north-east of Europe, and are the ancestors of the Slavic nations now existing" (Kitto). It is certain that the term Scijthinn was a collective title of the remote savage tribes of the north in a similar manner to the use of Magog (Cellarii Nolit. ii, 753 sq.). Sec Scythian. There appears to have been from the earliest times a legend tliat the enemies of religion and civilization lived in that quarter (Naxt/iausen's Tribes of the Caucasus, p. 55). From the accounts found among the Arabians, Persians, and Syrians, some of wliich are embellished with various fables, we learn that they com- prehended under the designation Yajiij and Majnj aU the less known barbarous people of the north-east and north-west of Asia. (See the Koran, xviii, 94-99 ; xxi, 96; Assemani, Bill. Orient. III. ii, 16, 17. 20; Hylander, Spec. op. cnsmog. pt. 20-22 [ Loud. 1803] ; Klaproth, .1 siat. Magaz. i, 138 sq. ; Herbelot, BiUiiUh. Orient, ii, 281 sq. ; Fliigel, in the Halle Encgcl. II. xiv, 78 sq.) Yet, though the Gog and Magog of the Hebrews may have had an