nevertheless remained subject to the king, and the in- ferior clergy to the subordinate judges — in short, the Church was subject to the State. After the downfall of the Longobard kingdom, the archbishops of Milan at first lost much of their power ; but during the fights and quarrels of the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries, they not only regained their former influence, but became even more independent than ever before. Owing to the then prevailing German policy, large feudal estates were be- stowed ui)on the bishops of Milan, and, during the reign of the Ottos (q.v.), the archbishops of Milan were con- sidered the most influential allies of the German empe- rors.
Eriberto di Argago, who filled the archiepiscopal chair of Milan from 1019 to 1045, was one of the most power- ful princes, and though unsuccessfid in the revolt which he organized in 1034 against emperor Conrad the Salic, his influence was scarcely diminished after his return from the expulsion to which his rebellion had subjected him. At the time of his death, Milan was passing through one of its accustomed civil dissensions, and the election of Eriberto's successor caused great excitement. Erlembaldo, the popular chief (dominus populi), called the citizens together to nominate candidates, and in- duced them to select four. These four were sent to the emperor Henry III (q. v.), for him to make the appoint- ment ; but the faction of the nobles despatched a rival in the person of Guido di Valate, who had recommended himself to the emperor by his zealous services, and who was given the coveted dignity, to the great disgust of the popular nominees. Their expostulations were un- availing with the emperor, and both parties returned — Guido to assume an office harassed by the opposition of the people on whom he had been forced, and the disap- pointed candidates to brood over the wrongs they had experienced. We shall presently see how thoroughly these men avenged themselves on Guido, with whom the independence of the Milanese archbishopric came to an end.
It is historically evident, then, that Milan was at one time completely independent of the papacy. Rome was not even thought of in creating the archbishop, whose spiritual and temporal power were granted by the im- perial investiture. But when, soon after, the German popes had rescued the pontificate from the contempt into which it had fallen, its domination over Milan became a necessary step in its progress to universal supremacy.
Marriage, at that time, was a universal privilege of the Milanese clergy. Pope Leo IX (q. v.) and his suc- cessors attacked the Milanese on this account, and, in a council held at Rheims by Leo IX in 1049, many laws were enacted against clerical matrimony. Archbishop Guido defended the position of the Milanese clergy, not only by Scripture texts, but also by a decision which he aflirmed was rendered by St. Ambrose, to whom the question of the permissibility of sacerdotal marriage had been referred by the pope and bishops. The popes by their emissaries excited great tumults in Milan, in- flaming the popular passion against, what they called, the irregularities of the clergy. Guido in vain endeav- ored to repress the agitation thus produced, and argued in favor of the married clergy. Armed resistance was offered to the papal faction, the result of which was in- cessant fights and increasing bloodshed. Nicholas II (q. v.), who then occupied the papal chair, sent Hilde- brand and Anselm on a mission to Milan, with instruc- tions to allay the passions which led to such deplorable civil strifes. The milder Anselm might perhaps have succeeded in this errand of reconciliation, but the un- bending Hildebrand refused to listen to aught but uncon- ditional subjection to Rome. The quarrel, therefore, waxed fiercer and deadlier (see Arnulf, Gest. A rchiep. Mediolan. lib. iii, c. 9; Landulf, Sen. lib. iii, c. 9).
In 1059 another papal legation was sent, with full au- thority to force the recalcitrant archbishop and clergy to submission. An assembly was held, where the leg- ates asserted the papal pre-eminence by taking the
MILAN
252
MILAN
place of honor, to the general indignation of the Milan- ese, who (lid not relish the degradation of their arch- hishop l)ef(irc the representatives of a foreign prelate. Tlie autluirity of Home, which at first was stoutly de- nied l)v tlie arclihisliop, was finally acknowledged, the archljishop and the clergy signing a paper in which they ex|)ressed their contrition in the most humiliating terms {.see Damiani, Ojntac. xlii, c. i).
The ]iride of the Milanese, however, was deeply wounded by such a subjection to Rome, unknown for many generations, and ill endured by men wlio gloried in the ancient dignity ofilieAinlirosian Church. Wlicn, therefore, in KKil, after M(hol;i>'s death, their towns- man, An.sclm, was elevated from tlie episcopate of Lucca to that of the holy see, mider the name of Alexander II, the Milanese Church attempted to regain its former in- dependence. A council of German and Lombard bish- ops convened at Basle, and unanimously elected as pon- tiff" Cadalus, bishop of Parma, under the title of Ilono- rius II. Ey the assistance of the ficrman emperors, the I^imbard bishops, with Guido, the archbishop of Milan, at their head, assembled a considerable army in 10G2, with which they conducted their new pope to Rome, while the ])opular party in ]Milan and Northern Italy assumed a formidable aspect in its alliance to the Lom- bard bishops. At this juncture Alexander II was res- cued from probable defeat by the occurreiice of a most unexpected event — the (Jerman bishops, under the in- fluence t>f lianno, archbishop of Cologne, sided with Al- exander, and in 1004 the Synod of Mantua pronounced the deposition of Ilonorius. The archl)ishop of Milan, being iniable to supjiort the pretensions of the rival pope wiiliout (ierman aid, of which there was no prospect, yielded, and was excommunicated by the pope in lOGO. tiuido, however, disregarding this excomminiication, re- solved to ofhciate in the solemn services of Pentecost (.June l, 10G6), and, braving all opposition, appeared at the altar. Excited to fury at this unexpected contu- macy, the papal party attacked him in the church; his followers rallied in his defence, but, after a stubborn tight, were forced to leave him in the hands of his ene- mies, by whom he was nearly beaten to death. 8on,e few months later archbishop (Juido succeeded in reor- ganizing his party, and the war was for .several years carried <iii with varying fortune. At last, in 10G9, Hil- delirand proposed that both the IMilanese clergy and laity should take an oath that in future their archbish- o])s should ajiply to the pope, and not to the emperor, for confirmation. Guido sought to anticipate this move- ment, and, old and wearied with the endless strife and contention, resigned his archbishopric to the subdeacon ( iotefrido, who had long been liis ])rincipal adviser. The latter procured his conlirmafion from Henry IV (q. v.), but the Milanese, defrauded of their elector.il privileges, refused to acknowledge liim. The papal party, taking advantage of this popidar feeling, excited a tumidt. and (iotefriilo was glad to escape at night from the rebellious city.