The last publication of MiU was a fragment contain- ing a severe criticism on James Macintosh's dissertation on the progress of ethical philosophy. Mill, who had always exercised a particular championship for the doc- trines of Thomas Hobbes (q. v.), was not at all pleased with the unceremonious manner in which his favorite was handled by Sir James. If Hobbes and Mill are right, then many great names are liable to the charge of error. Mill took a leading part in the founding of University College, London, and gave a powerful intel- lectual stimulus to a number of young men, some of whom (including his own son, and Grote, the Greek his- torian) have risen to eminence. He died at Kensington June 23, 1836. See Engl. Cyclop, s. v.; Amer. Cyclop. xi, 501 sq.; Chambers, Cyclop, s. v.; Lewis, Biog. Hist, of Philosophers, ii, 507 ; Westminst.Rev. xiii, 2G5 ; Black- wood's Magazine, xlvi, 671 ; Allibone, Diet, of Brit, and Amer. Authors, ii, 1279 sq.
Mill, John, D.D., a very learned English divine and Biblical critic, was born at Shapp, Westmoreland, in 1645. In 1661 he became a servitor in Queen's Col- lege, Oxford, where he secured the master of arts in 1669. He was afterwards elected a fellow, and became eminent as a tutor. Having entered into orders, he was greatly admired for his pulpit eloquence. In 1676 he became chaplain to the bishop of Oxford. In 1680 he received from his college the living of Bletchingdon, in Oxfordshire, and in the year following received the degree of D.D., and became chaplain in ordinary to Charles II. In 1685 he was elected principal of St. Ed- mund's Hall, Oxford, and in 1704 was appointed preb- endary of Canterbury. He died in 1708. He is famous for having devoted the labor of thirty years to the prep- aration of a new edition of the Greek Testament, finish- ing it only fourteen days before his death. It appeared under the title of "H Kau'?) AmSt/Kj/, Novum Testa- mentum Grcecum, cum Lectionibus Variantihus MSS. Ex- emj}lai-ium, Versionum, Editionum, SS. Pati'um et Sci'ip- torum Ecclesi((sticorum, et in easdem not is ; Studio et labore Joannis Millii, S. T. P. Oxonii, e Theatre Sheldo- niano (1707, fol.). The various readings are reckoned at about 80,000, the text being that of Kobert Stephens's edition of 1550. The collection of such a mass of va- rious readings, instead of supplying arms for infidelity, as some seem to have feared, has served to place the uncorrupted integrity of the Scriptures in a stronger light than ever. Dr. Wliitby (q. v.) attacked the work in his Examen varinntiim lectionum Joh. Millii (1710), but Dr. Bentley (q. v.), under the signature of Phileleu- theros Lipsiensis, ably vindicated the labors of Mill ; and JMichaelis, Marsh, Harewood, and critical scholars gener- ally, attest the great value of his edition. It has been aptly remarked that ■' the infancy of criticism ends with the edition of Gregory, and the age of manhood com- mences with that of Mill." Mill's edition ranks next to that of Wetstein in importance and utility, its pro- legomena being beyond price. See Marsh, Dirinily Lect- ures, vii, 9, 10, 13; Wood, Athen. Oxon. ; Jones, Christ. Biography, s. v. ; Brit, and For. Rev. 1871, Feb. art. viii ; Loiul. Qu. Rev. July, 1871; Blackwood's Mag. xxviii, 443 ; Chambers, Cyclop, s. v. ; Allibone, Diet, of Brit. and A mer. A uthors, ii, 1279 sq. ; Home, Bihl. Bib. (1839), p. 16; Orme, Bibl. Bib. s. v. See Criticism.
Mill, John Stuart, the British philosopher whose writings have done much to shape the thinking of this generation, was the son of James Mill (q. v.), and was born in London May 20, 1806. His intellectual train- ing was conducted by his learned father, who, holding that all men are born with equal faculties, and that character is the result solely of association and circum- stance, preferred, it would seem, the sole control of the boy in order to test upon him the theories he had es- poused and preached. At an age when children are usually weaned, John Stuart began the study of Greek, followed shortly after by arithmetic, with Latin at eight, and logic in his twelfth year, and before he had com- pleted his fourteenth year, as he tells us himself, he had gone over the whole range of ancient literature and philosophy, as well as the most noted of modern histo- rians, civil and ecclesiastical, besides having himself composed volumes of history. Such an education, con- ducted by a person of his father's ability, could not fail of remarkable results. By it he also gained lasting habits of application, and a wonderful power of sus- tained and accurate thinking; and by the constant use of his pen he early became master of a style whose point and lucidity are unrivalled among logical and metaphysical writers. But with these advantages there came also a most serious drawback. The training in- tentionally left one side of his nature untouched. It ignored all culture of the imagination, the emotions, or the sympathies. Of the tender associations, the sweet charities that cluster about the thought of home, this young philosopher knew nothing. He cannot bring "himself to say that he loved his father, and of his
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mother he makes no mention whatever. Nor was the solitude of his early lil'e broken by the cheerful inter- course of school, indeed, he was carefully kept apart from all his contemporaries lest he should be corrupted by their prejudices or their example, insomuch that he was not himself aware that his own education and ac- quirements were not those of any other boy of his age. As this education, especially with respect to religion, has an important bearing on the life and work of this so justly celebrated man, we quote here at length from his A utobio(jraphy :