The principal commentaries on the Mishna are, of course, the Talmuds— Jerusalem and Babylonian : the former covers the whole work, while the latter omits much of the obsolete parts. But the Mishna, or by the more appropriate phrase ni'^2":;?2, in the plural (setting aside the singular form for the single section), is found published, without either Talmud, in six volumes, each of which contains one of the great divisions. It is gen- erally accompanied by two running commentaries, both of which take most of their matter from the Talmud; the first of these, by K. Obadiah, of Bartenora, is ex- planatory; the other, called the Tosephoth (i. e. addi- tions), of R. Yom Tob, of Prague, raises and solves dif- ficulties and seeming contradictions, and was written towards the beginning of the Thirty- Years' War. Mai- monides wrote a much more valuable commentary on the Mishna in 1168; but being written in Arabic, and but partially rendered into the rabbinical Hebrew, it is seldom used or seen. The Hebrew abridgment, entitled il"i"ir, niC^, or ^" In 1S&, i. e. the book of fourteen (books), and divided into four parts, was published at Soncino (1490, 2 vols, fol.) : republished at Venice (1524, 3 vols, fol.) and at Amsterdam (1701, 4 vols. fol.). Se- lections from it were made in English by Bernard, enti- tled The Main Pi-inciples of the Creed and Ethics of the Jews, exhibited in Selections from the Yad Hachazakah of Maimonides, with a literal English Translation, copi- ous Illustrations from the Talmud, etc. (Camb. 1832, 8vo) ; and an entire version into English made by sev- eral writers, under the editorship of E. Soloweyezik, was begun at London (1863, 8vo). Various commentaries in the rabbinical language, of no great merit, written during the 17th and 18th centuries, are printed in the ordinary editions of the Mishna, which are quite cheap. To the Persian Jews the IMishna is the only standard, as the Talrauds are almost unknown among them. (L. N. D.)
Editions of the Mishna. — The principal editions of the Mishna are bv (1) Menasse ben-Israel, with short glosses (Amsterd. 1 631) ; (2) Jose ben-Israel fibid. 1646) ; (3) Israel ben-Elijah Gfitz, with Cabalistic Book Jetsira (Venice, 1704, 8vo) ; (4) with the commentary of Mai- monides (Naples, 1492, fol.) ; (5) do., Mishnaioth in Pe- rush Rambam (Venice, 1606, fol.) ; (6) and by far the best and favorite edition, by Prof. Surenhusius of Am- sterdam, which is furnished not only with the commen- taries, but also with a Latin translation. It is entitled, Mischna, sire iotius Hebrmorum Juris, Riluum, Antiqui- tatum, et Lepnm oralium Systema, cum clarissimorum Rabbinorum Maimouidis et IJartenorae Commentariis in-
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MISHOR
tegris, quihus accedunt variorum A uctorum N'otce et Ver- sionis in eos quos ediderunt Codices (Amst. 1668-1703, 6 vols. fol.). The several treatises of the Mishna have also been translated into Latin by different authors, the principal of whom are :
Order. Trealiae. Translator. Puilieation.
I. Berakoth Edzard Hamb. 1713, 4tO.
Peah Guisius Oxf. 1690, 4to.
Demai " "
Kilaim "
Shebiith " "
Terumoth " "
Maaseroth " "
Maaser Sheni . . . Surenhusiiis.
Challah
Oilah Ludwig Leipsic, 1G05.
Bikkiirim " " lO'JO.
II. Sabbath Schtnid & Wotton . " IGTO.
Erubin " "
Pesachim Surenhusius.
Shekalim Otho Geneva, 1CT5.
Yonia Sheringham London, 164S.
Sukkah Dachs Cologue, IT'iC.
Betsah Surenhusius.
Rosh-hashanah . Routing Ainsterd. 1G95.
Taanith Luudy Cologue, 1694.
Megillah Surenhusius.
Moed Katan "
Chagigah Ludwig Leipsic, 1700.
III. Yebamoth Surenhusius.
Kethuboth Faust Basle, 1699.
Nedarim Ulmauu Leipsic, 1CG3.
Nazir "
Sotah Wagenseil Altorf, 1603.
Gittiu Surenhusius.
Kiddushin "
IV. Baba Kama L'Emperenr 1037.
Baba Metsia Surenhusius.
Baba Bathra.... "
Sanhedrin Cocceius Amsterd. 1629.
Maklioth
Shebuoth Ulmann 1C03.
Edaoth Surenhusius.
Aboda Zara Peringer Altorf, 16S0.
Aboth Surenhusius.
Iloriolh Ludwig Leipsic, 1090.
V. Zebachim Ulmann 1G03.
]SIenachoth Surenhusius.
Cholin "
Bekoroth "
Erakin "
Temurah "
Kerillioth Ulmann 1603.
Meila Surenhusius.
Tamid Peringer Altorf, 16S0.
Middoth L'Empcreur 1630,
Kinnim Surenhusius.
VL Kelim, Ohaloth, Negaim, Parah, Tohoroth, Mikvaoth, Niddah, Makshiriu, Zal)im, Tibbul Yom, Yadaim, and Ukazin— all l)y Surenhusius. The entire Mishna has been translated into Spanish by Abraham ben-Keuben (Venice, 1606, fol.); into (ier- man bv Kabe : Die qanze Mischna (Ausbach, 1760-63, G vols. 4to) ; and by Dr. .lost (Berlin, 1832-33, 6 vols. 4to). Into English have been rendered the treatises Sahbalh and Kriihin by Dr. Wotton (LoncL 1718); the treatise Abofh, in the Jewish Prciyer-hook, by Young (Edinb.) ; the treatises Berakoth, Kilnim, iSiihbnth, Erubin, Pesa- chim, Yoma, ,Siil:lcah, Yom Tob, Rosh-hashanah, Taanith, Me'/illii, Afoed Katan, Yebamoth, Kethuboth, Gittin, Kid- dushin, Chnlin, and Yadaim, wiiolly or in part by De Sola and liaphall (Lnnd. 1843, 8vo''; '2d ed. 1845). "
From all this it aiijicars that the ('hristian Church has been largely idcntilicd witli a study dftlic Mishna, and that the charge, so rrciinontly reiterated, that Chris- tian theologians are unacquainted with .Jewish tradi- tional lore Ls unjust. Indeed it is very aiiparent tliat even the Church fathers were more or less familiar with the Mishna, which they termed ctvTifnixTur. Jerome first mentions it (Kpist. ad A/;/(is; (pi. 10): "I cannot declare how vast are the traditions of the rharisees, or how anile their myths, called by them f(i'rfp<oan<; (Mishnaioth) ; neither would their bull<y nature permit the attempt." Epiphanius also says, but with a dislo- cation of text (/I(vr. XV, Jud. ; also J/a-r. xiii, 26) : " The Jews have had four streams of those traditions that they term Sevripiomte — the first bears the name of Closes the prophet; the next they attribute to a teacher named Akiba; the third is fathered on a certain Andon, or Annon, whom they also call Judas [Ilannasi] ; and the