MOHAMMEDANISM
424
MOHAMMEDAX SECTS
Prophet to the present, especially their conquests in the Western world and the sacred places of the East.
"VI. Literature.— (i) Among the Jlohammedan biog- raphies of the Prophet, those »( "Wackidi, llishani, and Tabari are perhaps the most important. Dr. Ferdinand Wilstenfeld has edited and brought out in a European dress "J'/ie Life of Muhdinmed, based on Muhammed Ibn Ishak, by AlJd el-Malik Ibn Hisham (Lond. IHtIO, 8vo, pp. 102(5), and the Kev. .James L. iMcrrick has brought out in English The Life ami lielirjion of Mo- hammed, as contained in the .Shiite traditions of the Hyal-Ul-Kuloob (Bost. 1850, 8vo). Abulfeda's work, formerly considered an authority, is now ignored (see art. :M()1iammi-;d, p. 397). Among European and Amer- ican biographies of the Prophet of Islam are those of Maraccius (Padua, 1688); Gagnier (Gibbon's chief de- pendence ; Amsterdam, 1732) ; Hampohli (Home, 1822) ; Bush (N. Y. 1832); Vergers (Paris, 183:5); Haramer- Purgstall (Leips. 1837) ; Green (N. Y. 1810) ; Weil (Stutt- gafd, 1843) ; Caussin de Perceval (1847) ; Washington Irving (N. Y. 1852). But the three lives which proba- bly present the greatest research are those by Sir Will- iam IMuir (Lond. 1858), by Dr. Sprenger (Berlin, 18G9 et sq., G vols. 8vo), and by Noldeke (Lond. 18G3). Tlie last of these is popular in character, but rests substan- tially on original investigation, though the labors of Weil, Caussin, Muir, anil Sprenger have been used. These works suggested a series of essays to M. Barthe- lemy St. Ililaire, Mahomet et le Coran (Paris, 1865), which arc considered valuable. But none of these, though liberal in their judgments, are satisfactory to the Syud Ahmed, who has published some essays in English (Lond. 1870) on Mohammed and subjects sub- sidiary thereto, and who explains in his preface the rea- sons why he prefers some contemporary accounts that Europeans have less valued, and he writes with the ex- press purpose of counteracting the eflfect of Muir upon young Mohammedan students of English. The fiftieth chapter of Gibbon's Decline and Full (reprinted sepa- rately also) is probably the strongest vindication that INIohammed has received from a European. Carlyle, in his Heroes and Ilero-tuorship, has also taken the pallia- tive side, and he is followed by Kingsley in his Alexan- dria and her Schools, who assents to Carlyle's " true and just description of a much-calumniated man."
(2) Of the different works treating on Jlohammedan- ism and its founder, or only the former, one of tlic oldest European works, by White {Bampton Lectures, 1784), treats of this faith in the usual derogator^y way. Price's work (Lond. 1811-21, 4 vols. 4to), compiled from orig- inal Persian authorities, and tracing the history from the death of Mohammed to 1556, is generally commend- ed. So also is Mill's Hist, of Mohamiiiidanism ( Lond. 1812), and likewise Sale's English version of t lie Koran, prefixed by a dissertation, regarded as '"one of the best of the descriptive and liistorical surveys." De Tassy's works — Doctrines et Devoirs de la Religion Musulmane, tires du Goran, and his Memoire sur des Particularites de la lielirjion Musulmane dans I'Inde — are valuable. Neale's L'^lamism, its Rise and Progress, is an ordinary compilation simply, and Taylor, J/ist. of Mohammedan- ism, treats mainly of the sects; but indispensable to ev- ery student of Mohammeilanism is Von Ilammer-l'urg- stall's Gesch. des OsmaiiMcken Reiches (Pesth, 1827-35, 10 voU. 8vo). One of the best treatises is by Diillinger — ifuhammed's Religion nach ihrer innern Entvickelung u. ihrem Einjlusse auf das Leben der Volker (Katisbon, 1838). Useful are Kenan's Mah. et les ori[;ines de ils- lami.ime (I'ar. 1857,7th rev. ed. 1864), and Arnold's Ko- ran and liible (Lond. 1866; rewritten and published in 1874, entitled L^lam, its History, Gharacter, and Rela- tion to Ghrustianity). The Islamisme of the learned Dr. Dozy, of Leyden, is a superior work, and deserves an Va\- glish dress. It is full in its account of the historical cir- cumstances and preparations out of which iMoliamme- danism sprang, and gives a well-compiled account of its subsequent iiitlueuce on the world, aud of its sects aud
I actual position at the present day. A very interesting ' and valuable contribution is the work by Krenier — Ge- ■ schichte der herrschenden Ideen des Islams (I^ips. 1868, 8vo). Worth mentioning are also the Lectures on Mo- hammedanism by Freeman (( )xf. and Lond. 1870, 18mo), l)ySmith(Ivond. 1874, 8vo), aud Brown. .!/«//(; w«(«/</«i.<7«, its present Gondilion and Iiijhuua in India (Lond. 1873, 12mo). See also Ilardwick, Ghrist and other Masters ; Clarke, Ten great Religions, ch. xi ; Milman, Hist, of Latin Ghristianity, ii, 108 sc). ; Stanley, Hist, of the East- ern Ghurch, lect. viii; Wright, Early Ghristianity in A rahia, p. 152 sq. ; Neander, Ghurch History, iii, 84 sq. ; Cox, Latin and Teutonic Christendom ; D'Herbelot, /i«6- lioth'eque Orientale; Malcom, Hist, of Persia (2 vols. 4to) ; Cazenove, Mohammediinism (Lond. 1855; reprinted from the Ghiistian Remembrancer, Jan. 1855) ; Deutsch, IJtirary Remains (Lond. and N. Y. 1874; containing ar- ticles reprinted from the Quarterly Review, Lond. 18(!9, 1870). In many travels, especially those in Arabia, the condition and liistory of Mohammedanism are dwelt upon, as in Burckhardt ; and Warburton gives a chajjter to it in his Grescent and the Gross. See also Wcllsted, Travels to the Gity of the Galiphs (Lond. 1840, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Lane, The Moslem Egyptians (5th edition, Lond. 1871); Zincke, Egyj^t of the Pharaohs and the Khedive; General Daumas, La vie A rahe et la Societe Musulmane. See also JIarj>er's Monthly, xiv, 1 sq. ; Ghristian Exam- iner, 1830, iv, 360 sq. ; Xorth Amer. Rev. 1831, p. 257; A'orth lirit. Rev. 1850, p. 101 sq.; ,Ian. and Aug. 1855; Christian Remembrancer, .Ian. 1S55, art. iii; Eree-u-iU BaptUt Qu. Jan. 1855, art. i ; Edinburgh Rev. Oct. 1857 ; July, 18G6; Nat. Qu. Rev. March, 1861, art. vi; Sept. art. v; Jahrb. deutscher Theologie, x, 166; 1862, p. 385; Revue des deux Mamies, Sept. 1865; Prospect. Rev. ii, 159 ; Journal ofJSacred Lit. vols, xxi and xxiv ; (Lond.) Quarterly Rev. cxxvii, 293 sq. ; Oct. 1869, p. 160 ; Bibli- otheca Sacra, April, 1870; Meth. Qu. Rev. 1864, p. 141; 1865, p. '283; 18G6, p. G02; 1871, p. 62; West m. Rev. 1868, p. 245; Jan. 1873, p. 124; July, p. 115 sq.; Brit. Qu. Rev. Jan. 1872, p. 100 scj. On Mohammedan law are works by JIuradgea, D'Ohsson, Knijzer, Von Tor- naw, and Perron.