Morgenl. iii, 269 sq.), after the Egyptian custom (Diod. Sic. i, 22). The consorts of deceased kings remained in high honor, and even held the title of queen-mother (nH^;5, miitress, 1 Kings xv, 13; 2 Kings x, 13; Jer. xiii, 18; xxix, 2). The title "king" was applied to the ])rinces of the royal house as well (Jer. xvii, 20; comp. 2 Chron. xxxii, 4). ISIonarchs expressed their regard for each other by rich presents (1 Kings x, 2) and dip- lomatic embassies, the latter to convey especially their well-wishes and compliments (2 Sam. xx, 2; 2 Kings XX, 12 sq. ; comp. Herod, vi, 39). See Salctatiox.
The following official courtiers are mentioned: (1.) Chief major-domo or head palace-marshal (^V T5D n^2n or n^sn b? -l-rx, l Kings iv, 6; xviii, 3; 2 Kings xxiii, 18; xix, 2; Isa. xxii, 15), who directed the court state (Kampfer, p. 78), but was also occupied v»ith civil duties. Among his subordinates were the palace doorkeepers (C'^"l"iy, 2 Kings vii, 11). (2.) Chief hai- lifip-sri br -iirSSt, 2 Sam. XX, 24; 1 Kings iv, 6; xii, 18; comp. xi, 28). (3.) Chief warder of the icardrobe
(nnnban bv -idx, 2 Kings x, 22, or c'l'irisn -.-cii',
2 Kings xxii, 14 ; 2 Chron. xxxiv, 22), (4.) Superin- tendent of the exchequer and lands (w1S"iil ""^'J, 1 Chron. xxvii, 25 sq.), who had the oversight of the royal herds and domains (perhaps the tTriTpoTrog of Luke viii, 3). Similar were the financial officers of Sol- omon in the twelve districts (C^ZS", 1 Kings iv, 7 sq.). The chamberlains proper were usually eunuchs (2 Kings viii, G; Jer. lii, 25); among whom probably was the cup-bearer (rtp'l^^, 1 Kings x, 5; comp. Josephus, Ant. XV, 17, 4, xiv, li, 4; xvi, 8, 1 ; see Kiimpfer, p. 81 sq.). A kind of chamberlain or valet is apparently designated in Jer. lii, 25; 2 Kings xxv, 19 ^rsi "^sH^: W't*.^^ "^52!!), unless the expression indicates generally the highest officers of the court and state. "What official is denoted in Jer. li, GO (nnn:"3 "lb) is doubtful; Hitzig has perhaps conjectured rightly, the ftU-marshal. Fi- nally, here belong the royal life-guard, who had to keep watch of the castle or palace (2 Kings xi, 5), but .also saw the royal mandates executed in cases of capital punishment (2 Sam. xv, 1). See Cheretiiite.
See generally W. Schickard, Jus. regium Ihhrceor. (Tubing. 1621, with notes by J. B. Carpzov, Lips. 1674; also in Ugolini Thesau r. yo\. xxiv); Carpzov, Appar. Crit', p. 52 sq. ; INIichaclis, Mos. Recht, i, 298 sq. ; Jahn, Archdol. II, ii, 218 sq. ; Paulsen, i?fy«Vr. d. Morgcnldnd. (Altona, 1755) ; Otho, Lex. Rubb. p. 575.— Winer, i, 666. See KiN(;.
Monasteria is a term which was sometimes used in the early Church to designate the places of worship belonging to the Egyptian Therapeuta;. Thus Euse- bius (Hist. Eccles. lib. ii, c. 177) uses it (Moi^aar/jpioi')- Afterwards, in the Middle Ages, it became usual to give I this name (monasteria) to large parochial and cathedral churches ; hence the word minster (q. v.). See Kiddle, Christian Antiquities, p. 705.
Monastery (Latin, Monasticum; Greek, Mora- (TTtiptav ; from /(oi't/irrZ/p, equivalent to lAovtiffTi'ig, a solitary, a inonk ; from i.ioi't'iZ(iv, to be alone, to live in solitude: from /k'h'oc;, alone) is tlic name of a residence of persons, male or female, who have bound themselves 1 by monastic vows. We contine this article to Christian I monasteries of the Western world, and refer for jire- Christian monasticism to the article Moxasticism ; and for Oriental and Kussian monasteries to the article Monks, Eastern.
1. Monasteries received various distinctive appella- tions, derived from the names of the founders of the or- der; from that of the patron or guardian saint to whom they were dedicated; from the site which they occu])ied; from the peculiar design ofthe foundation or occupation of the monks: from the parlicular color ofthe habit worn witliin the walls, and other circumstances. See Monk.
MONASTERY
453
MONASTERY
To one or other of the four leading orders a monas- tery was usually referred : (1) the Order of Basil, in- cluding all the Greek monks and Carmelites; (2) the OxA&roi Augustine, in its three classes— canons regular, monks, and hermits, together with the congregations of nuns ; (3) the Order oi Benedict, with its various branch- es, male and female ; (4) the Order of Francis, with its numerous ramifications.
The common appellation of monasteries are the fol- lowing : (1) M.ovaaTi]piov, monastery, as being the res- idence of monasterium, fiovd^ovrtc, l-iovaxoi, fxovaxai, /.wvai, or religious solitaries. (2) Claustrum or claus- tra, cloister; literally, a place of confinement. This was the prevailing name in the West, and the choice of the name indicates the strict seclusion which pre- vailed. (3) Coenobiam, a common dwelling-place. (4) Laura, \avpa or \a/3prt, which is the old name for the residence of the anchorites. It appears to denote a nar- row, confined, and inconvenient abode. According to Epiphanius {Hmres. p. G9), it was the name of a narrow, dirty street in Alexandria, whence it was applied to the wretched habitations of anchorites in the Thebaid, Pal- estine, and Syria. By Latin writers laura is usuallj- employed in contradistinction from cmiobia. (5) Sf^u- viiov, which is the name applied by Philo to the abodes or places of resort of the Therapeutre, and hence it was sometimes given to monasteries. The Latins retained the word sumnium (simnium, or scimnium). (6) 'AaKt]- Ti'ipioT, i. e. d(TKr)ru)v Karayuyi], a place of religious ex- ercise or contemplation. We find various words of sim- ilar form to the Latin asceterium ; such as archisterium, architerium, arcisterium, architrium, etc. (7) <i>ovTi- ariipiov is the same as aaKi]Tr)piov, but with special ref- erence to meditation and spiritual exercises. jNIonas- teries retained this name chiefiy on account of their schools. (8) '][{(jvx»<yri)piov, place of silence and re- jMse. This term was applicable to those monasteries in which silence was, to a certain extent, imposed on the members. (9) Conventus, a convent, in reference to the common life of the inmates. (10) 'Ryov^uvtiov, de- noting properly the residence of the president (y'lyovfie- vog or t'lyovfjLevj]), was used for the whole building.