Monod, Jean. See Monod, Adolphe.
Monod, Pierre, a learned Savoyard Jesuit, was born at Bonaeville in 158(5. He entered the Order of Jesuits in 1(503, taught belles-lettres and philosophy in different colleges of his order, and finally became prin- cipal of that of Turin. Appointed confessor to the duchess Christine, sister of Louis XHI of France, he exercised much influence over that princess, and shared largely in the direction of political affairs. In 1636 he was sent to Paris to reclaim the honors of royalty for the house of Savoy, but he was unable to obtain an in- terview with P.ichelieu. Irritated by having his de- mands eluded, he allied himself with the enemies of the ministry, especially with Caussin, confessor to Louis XIII, with the object of overthrowing the cardinal. Richelieu, partly divining these intrigues, sent Monod back to Turin, when the latter endeavored to withdraw Christine from the French alliance. Then the cardinal
attempted to remove him from the service of the duch- ess; but Monod knew how to preserve his authority over her. In 1640 he was arrested by the order of Richelieu, imprisoned first at Pignerol, and subsequently at Cuneo, but found means of escaping; and was finally retaken and transferred to Miolans, where, in spite of the interposition of the pope, he remained until his death, March 31, 1644. He is the author of Recherches hisioriques sur les alliances de France et de Savoie (Ly- ons, 1621, 4to): — Amedeus padficus, seu de Eugenii IV et Amedei Subaudice duds, in sua ohedientia Felids V nuiicujjati, controversiis (Turin, 1624, 4to; Paris, 1626, 8vo) ; reproduced in the seventeenth volume of the Aii- uales of Baronius: — Apologie pour la Maison de Savoie contre les scandaleuses invectives de la Premiere et Se- coude Savoysienm (Chambery, 1631, 4to) ; followed by a Second Aptologie, which, translated into Italian by the author, appeared at Turin (1632, 4to) : — Trattuto del titolo regio dovuto alia casa di Savoya, con un rutretto delle revoluzioni del Reame di Cijiii e ragioni della casa di Savoya sopra di esso (Turin, 1633, fol.) ; this work, published at the same time in Latin, was the cause of a quarrel between Savoy and Venice; it was attacked with violence by Graswinckel: — II Capricorno ossia VOroscopo d' Augusta Cesare (Turin, 1633, 8vo) ; ficti- tious : — Extirpation de Vlleresie, ou declaration des mo- tifs que le roi de France a d'abandonner la protection de Geneve; the second part remains unedited, as well as the following works, preserved in MS. in the university library of Turin : — Annales ecclesiasfid et civiles Sahau- dice ; Vita B. Margaritce Sabaudice, viarchionissm Mon^ tisferrati; etc. See Rosetti, Scriptores Pedemontii, p. 470 ; Richelieu, Memoires, vol. x ; Le Vassor, Hist, de Louis XIII ; Botta, Hist, d' Italie.— Roefei, Nouv. Biog. Generale, s. v.
Monogamy. See Marriage.
Monogram (Greek yiovoc, single, and ypuf^ipa, let- ter), a character composed of two or more letters of the alphabet, often interlaced with other lines, and used as a cipher or abbreviation of a name, is found to be of fre- quent occurrence in the annals of early ecclesiastical history, and seems to have been introduced into the early Church from the heathen nations.
I. The use of monograms began at a very early date. They are found on Greek coins, medals, and seals, and are particularly numerous on the coins of Macedonia and Sicily. Both on coins and in MSS. it was the prac- tice to represent the names of states and cities by mono- grams, of which above 500 are known, but some have not been deciphered. Monograms occur on the family coins of Rome, but not on the coins of the earlier Roman emperors. Constantine placed on his coins one of the earliest of Christian monograms, which is to be traced in the recesses of the catacombs, composed of the first and second letters of XPioroc (Chi-istus), a monogram which also appeared on the Labarum, and was contin- ued on the coins of the succeeding emperors of the East down to Alexander Comnenus and Tlieodore Lascaris. We often find it combined with the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet (Rev. i, 8). Another well-known monogram is that of the name of Jesus, IHS, from the first three letters of 'IWEovc. (See below, Mnnogram of Christ.') Popes, emperors, and kings, during the Middle Ages, were in the practice of using a monogram, frequently replacing by it their signatures. Painters and printers used it ; and, unintentionally on the part of its authors, the monogram has frequently served in modern times to determine the age of a MS., and even of early printed works. See Home, Introduction to Bib- liography, vol. ii ; BruUiot, Diet, des Monogrammes (Mu- - nich, 1832-34). See also Iconography; Illumina- tion, Art of.
II. Monogram of Christ.— The sign used to represent the name of Christ. This name is usually given to the combination of the first two letters forming his name ia Greek ; but there is also a monogram of the name of
MONOGRAM
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MONOGRAM
Jesus, which is of great antiquity, and of both names together. We wilfexamine them successively.