MONTAIGU
518
MONTALEMBERT
li.t;ht on the state of manners and society in France in ! his time. The IJssais have gone through very many ^ editions, and been translated into most European Ian- i guages : the edition of Paris (1725, 3 vols. 4to) was perhaps the most complete until the appearance of the recent edition, Avec Its notes de tons les commentateurs, clioisies et compUtees par M. J. V. Le Clerc, et une nou- velle etude sur Mtmtaigne par Prevosi-Paradol (Paris, 1865). Cotton's, the best and oldest English transla- tion, is somewhat coarse, though characteristic. It has frequently been revised, and in the form given it by the learned Hazlitt is pronounced a superior work. Very recently an edition of the Complete Works of Montaigne, etc., was brought out at London (1873). Vernier published in 1810 Notices et Observations pour faciliter la Lecture des Essais de Montaigne (Paris, 2 vols. 8vo). It is a useful commentary. Meusnier de Querlon published his journal under the title Journal du Voyage de Michel de Montaigne (Home, 1774, 4to). Extracts from the Essais have at various times been published, as Pensees de Montaigne, propres a former l esprit et les mceurs, par Artaud (Paris, 1700, 12mo) ; L' Esprit de Montaigne, ou les maximes, pensees, juge- ments, et reflexions de cet auteur redigees par ordre de matures, par Pesselier (Berlin [Paris], 1753, 2 vols. 12nio); Cliristianisme de Montaigne, ou pensees de ce grand homme sur la religion, par jM. I'Abbe L. (Labou- derie) (Paris, 1819, 8vo). See De Thou, IHstoria sui temporis; E. Pasquier, Lettres; La Croix du Maine, Biblioth'eque Frangaise ; J. Bouhier, Memoires sur la vie et les ouvrages de Montaigne, avec une comparaison d'E/nctete et de Montaigne (by B. Pascal) ; Talbcrt, Eloge de Mich, de Montaigne (Paris, 1775, 12mo) ; Dom Devienne, Eloge historique deMich. de Montaigne (Paris, 1775, 12mo) ; La Dixmerie, Eloge analgtique et histo- rique de Montaigne (Paris, 1781, 8vo) ; Mme. de Bour- die-Viot, Eloge de Montaigne (Paris, 1800. 8vo) ; Jay, Eloge de Montaigne (1812, 8vo); Droz, Eloge de Mi- chel Montaigne (1812, 8vo); Villemain, Ehge de Mon- taigne {Journal des Savitns, July and October, 1855); Payen, Notice bibliographique sur Montaigne (new ed. Paris, 18;>C, 8vo) ; Documents inedits ou peu connus sur Montaigne (1H47, 8vo) ; Nouveaux documents (1850, 8vo); Documents inedits (1855, 8vo); Recherches sur Montaigne (1856, 8vo) ; Griin, La viepuUique de Michel Moutaigiw (Paris, 1855, 8vo) ; Vinet, Essai de I'hilo- sophie morale; Emerson, Representative Men; Sainte- Beuve, Port-Royal; Causeries du lundi, vol. iv; (JM- ment, Revue Contempojaine, Aug. SI, ISbo ; Bayle St. John, Montaigne, the Essaipst (Lond. 1858); De Las- champs, M. de Montaigne (2d ed. Paris, 18G0, 12mo); Brinbenet, Les Essais de Montaigne dans Iturs rapports avec la legislation rnodeme (Orleans, 1864, 8vo) ; Mrs. Shelle}', Lives of the 7no.tt eminent French Writers; Ten- nemann, (ieschichte der Philosophie, ix, 443 ; Church, in Oxford Essays (1857) ; Morell, History of Modern Phi- losophy, p. I'J'J ; Lewes, History of Philosophy (see In- dex in vol. ii); the Histories of France by Michclet and ^lartin ; English Cyclopcedia; II oeteT, Nouo. Biog. Gmirale, xxxvi, 55-71 ; Retrospective Review, vol. ii (1820); Quart. Rev. (Lond.) Oct. 185G ; Westm. Rev. July, 1S3S.
Moutaigu, Guillaume de, a French ecclesiastic, wasliorii ill the latter i)art ot the r2th century. He was at first prior of Clairvaux.sul)se{iuently abbot of La Ferte, then of Citeaux. (Jrogory IX employed him in a very important negotiation. In 1220 lie was sent to recon- cile the kings of France and luigland, who were on the point of going to war. ^Moutaigu first went to the king of France, calmed his resentment, and afterwards was similarly successful with the king of England, and con- 8e(|uently the impending war did not take jilace. Dif- ferent letters of IJrcgory IX, publislied in the Anmdes des Citeaux, inform us tliat the court of Home intrusted to Guillaumc's sagacity the regulation of many other affairs of less general interest. In 12;i0. as ho was jiro- ceeding to the Council of Kome, he fell into the hands
of Frederick II, was taken captive, and loaded with chains. Towards the close of his life Montaigu abdicat- ed the government of Citeaux, withdrew to the monas- tery of Clairvaux, and there died in the garb of a simple monk, Jlay 19, 1246. See A nnales Cistercienses, vol. iv, liassim ; JJist. Litter, de la France, xviii, 358 ; Gallia Christiana, vol. iv, col. 995. — Hoefer, Nouv, Biog. (Jene- ralf, xxxvi, 72.
Montaigu, Pierre Gueriu de, thirteenth grand- master of the Knights Hospitallers of St. John of .Icru- salem, was born at Montaigu-en-Combraille, near Kiom, in Auvergne, France, about 11 ('(8. He was elevated to the grand-mastery in 1208, after having successively filled all the lower oihces. His devotion and valor dis- tinguished him everywhere during the second crusade (1186); but he refused to take part in the third (1188), though he had himself encouraged pope Gregory XIV to preach it, because this movement was headed by the German emperor Frederick Barbarossa. then under the major excommunication, (nierin de ^lontaigu died in 1230 in Palestine. See Bosio and Baudouiii, I/ist. de Vor- dre de Jerusalem ; Naberat, Privileges de Vordre de Je- rusalem.— Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxxvi, 71, 72.
Montaigut, Gilles-Avceltn de, a French prel- ate, was born at Glaine -Montaigut, near Billom (Au- vergne), about 1252 ; appointed provost of the cathedral of Clermont in 1285, and shortly after canon of Nar- bonnc. He was finally chosen archbishop of that city, by a part of the chapter, in 1287. Ordained priest, ^larch 17, 1291, by Simon de Beaulieu, archbishop of Bourges, he subsequently started for Rome, and cardinal (lerard Bianchi, bishop of Sabine, consecrated him at Viterbo in the following Jlay. He is found in the number of counsellors of state present at the Louvre in 129G, when the chancellor, Pierre Flotte, read the letters by which (jUJ", count of Flanders, revoked the powers of his ambassadors commissioned to negotiate a peace with Philip the Fair. Gilles, in the name of the latter prince, signed, June, 1299, the truce concluded with the king of England at Slontreuil. October 24, 1301, he was one of the assembly convoked at Senlis to judge Bernard Saisset, bishop of Pamiers, legate of the pope, and one of his suffragans. Called to Kome by this affair, Gilles was ordered by the king not to repair to that city, and he obeyed his royal master. He was one of the live prelates of the council at the Louvre, JIarch 12, 1303, held against Boniface VIII, and labored for the election of Bcrtrand de Goth (Clement V), his friend. He was also the first of the French bishops appointed to proceed against the Templars. February 27. 1309, he was made keeper of the seals; and after liaving presided over a diocesan synod at Narbonne, and in 1310 over a coimcil at Buziers, he exchanged his bishopric, IMay 5, 131 1, for that of Kouen, Present at the coimcil-general of Vien- na, he was there persuaded that it was useless to allow the Templars to attempt to vindicate themselves. On his return to Kouen, he there presided at a provincial council, October, 1313 ; held two others at ]\oueii in 1315, and one at Pontoisc, November 17, 1317. ^Montaigut died at Paric June 23, 1318. By his testament, Decem- lier 13, 1314, he constituted his nephew, Albert Ayceliu de Montaigut, bishop of Clermont, his heir, on the con- dition of maintaining in the houses belonging to him in Paris as many poor scholars as the number of times the sum often pounds should be contained in the an- nual revenue of these houses. Such was the origin of the College of Jlontaigut, on the site of which the Lil)ra- ry of Saint-Gcnevieve now stands. See Gallia Chris- tiana, vols, vi and xii; Du Chesne, //is/oiVc* </<.< Chan- celiers de France ; France Pontifcale. — Hoefer, Nouv. Jiiiig. Generali , s. v.