2. Of almost equal antiquity was the * jJT, Iceren, or horn, which sometimes, but not often, occurs as the name of a musical instrument (Josh, vi, 5; 1 Chron. xxv, 5; Dan. iii, 5, 7, 10, 15). Of natural liorns, and of instru- ments in the shape of liorns, the antiquity and general use are evinced by every ex- tensive collection of antiijuities. It is ad- mitted that horns of animals were at first used, and that they at length came to be imi- tated in nietal, but were still called horns. See Horn. This use and application of the word are illustrateil in our " cornet." 1 1 is general-
3
Trumpets.
ly conceived that rams' l. Curved (Cornu).—Trnj«n'
iColu
3. straight, c
-Arch ofTitut.
horns were the instru- ments used by the early Hebrews; and these are, indeed, expressly named in our own and many other versions as the instruments used at the noted siege of Jericho (Josh, vi, 5) ; and the horns of the rain arc those which Josephus assigns to the sol- diers of (iideon (.Ih/.v, 0,5; comp. Judg. vii, IG). See also SiiosiiAxsni.
3. "ISVJ, shophur, which is a far more common word than h-ren, and is rendered " trumpet" in the Auth. Ver. This word seems, first, to denote horns of the straighter kind, including probably those of neat cattle, and all the instruments wliich were eventually made in imitation of and in improvement upon sucli horns. It is, how-
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS V
ever, difficult to draw a distinction between it and the ^ren, seeing that the words are sometimes used synonj'- mously. Thus that which is called " a jobel-horn" in Josli. vi, 5, is in the same chapter (ver. 4, 6, 8, 13) call- ed "a jobel-horn trumpet" {shoj)har). See Jubilee. Upon the wliole, we may take the skophar, however distinguished from the kereii, to have been that kind of horn or horn-shaped trumpet which was best known to the Hebrews. The name shojjhai- means hi-ight or clear, and the instrument may be conceived to have been so called from its clear and shrill sound, just as we call an instrument a " clarion," and speak of a musical tone as "brilliant" or "clear." In the service of God this shophar or trumpet was only employed in making an- nouncements, and for calling the people together in the time of the holy solemnities, of war, of rebellion, or of any other great occasion (Exod. xix, 13 ; Numb, x, 10 ; Judg. iii, 7 ; 1 Sam. xiii, 3 ; xv, 10 ; 2 Chron. xv, 14 ; Isa. xviii, 3). The strong sound of the instrument would have confounded a choir of singers rather than have elevated their music. At feasts and exhibitions of joy horns and trumpets were not forgotten (2 Sam. vi, 15; 1 Chron. xvi, 42). There is no reason to con- clude that the trumpet was an instrument peculiar to the Levites, as some have supposed. If that were the case we should be unable to account for the three hun- dred trumpets with which Gideon's men were furnished (Judg. vii, 8), and for the use of trumpets in making signals by watchmen, who were Dot always Levites. See Trumpet.
4. The <Ti:iil£n, chatsotserdh, or straight trumpet, is occasionally mentioned along with the shophar, show- ing that these two kinds of trumpets were sometimes used together, as in Psa. xcviii, 6, " with trumpets and sound of cornet make a joyful noise before the Lord the King" (comp. 1 Chron. xv, 28 ; 2 Chron. xv, 14). The two silver trumpets appointed by Moses to be made for
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
ern tromhone, on the assumption that the description in Numb, x, 2 implies that it was turned back at the end. But straight trumpets are to be seen upon the monu- ments both of Egypt and Assyria, and the straight sil- ver trumpet of the Jewish Temple is distinctly figured upon the arch of Titus at Rome and on extant Jewish coins (Frcilich, Anal. Syr. Proleg.). See Cornet.
5. The P'^pn, halil, flute, the meaning of which is hored through, and denotes a pipe, perforated and fur- nished with holes. The Sept. always renders it. by avXoQ, a pipe or flute. There are but five places where it occurs in the Old Testament (1 Sam. x, 5 ; 1 Kings i, 40; Isa. V, 12; xxx, 29; Jer. xlviii, 36) ; but the Greek avXoQ occurs in the New Testament (Matt, ix, 23) and in the Apocryphal books (1 Mace, iv, 54 ; ix, 39 ; JucUth iii, 8). It was originally formed from the reed, by the
Straiglit Trumpets : 1,2. Assyrian (Sculptures, British (Paiutiug at Thebes).
the use of the priests of the tabernacle were of this con- struction, and were used for announcing to the people the advent of the different feasts, for signalling " the journeying of the camps," and for sounding alarms in time of war (Numb, x, 1-10). Their use in the sacri- ficial rites as a musical accompaniment was limited (ver. 10) to certain occasions, to " their solemn days, the be- ginnings of their months, and the day of their glad- ness ;" but in the age of David and Solomon their sac- rificial use was much extended, and the number provid- ed for the use of the priests was correspondingly in- creased. At the dedication of the Temple as many as a hundred and twenty priests " sounded with trumpets ;" and in the immensely developed ritual then introduced the part of the musical service assigned to the priests was to blow with the sacred trumpets during the offer- ing of sacrifice, while the Levites accompanied on the other instruments of all kinds. There has been various speculation on the name ; but we are disposed to assent to the conclusion of Gesenius that it is an onomatopoet- ic word, imitating the broken pulse-like sound of the trumpet, like the Latin tarutantai-a, which this word would more resemble if pronounced as in Arabic, hadci- derah. Bv many it has been identified with the mod- VI.— C c c