senius (Tsa. i, 278), a person in earlier times was some- times accosted or described as the son of this or that man, in order to disparage him, either because the father was obscure, or because the personal merit of the son would thus be questioned. But, besides, there are many Hebrew proper names which cainiot be classed among appellatives ; the roots of which, however, have been preserved. These have received proper attention in modern Lexicons. (See Gesenius, Gischiihte JItbr, Sprache. On the formation of Hebrew proper names, see Ewald, Ausfuhrl. Lehrb. de Ihbr. Spr. p. 491 S(i.). It must further be observed that ((() among the later Jews many old names were commonly shortened or otherwise modified in form ; e. g. Lazarus for Eleazar. This shortening of names in the N. T. has been exam- ined by Winer {Gram. N. T. p. 113 sq. : comp. besides J. C. Jlylius. Liss. de vurietat. V. T. p. 12; Simonis Ono- mast. V. T. p. 12). Aram«an names, also, had crept in among those of true Hebrew origin— as Martha, Tabitha, Cephas, (b) After the age of the Seleucida;, Greek names came into circulation; as Lysimachus, 2 Mace, iv, 29; Antipater, 1 Mace, xii, 16; Bei-enice, Herod (among these must be reckoned Andrexc, see Joseph. .1 nt. xii, 2, 2 ; although Olshausen [Bibl. Com- ment, i, 321] \vould refer it to the Hebrew Tnj, to ded- icate) ; especially those Hebrew names which had been translated in the Greek versions; as iJositheus, Aojaiieoc, 2 ^lacc. xii, 19; or Theodotos, Qiocoroc, 2 Mace, xiv, 19; 3 Mace, i, 4; comp. the Hebrew bs'^'^Sa, n^^lT, "I^JT^; Nicodemus or Kicolaus, NikcI^i/^oc, 'SiKoXaoQ, comp. D3.'p2; Menelaus, MeviXaoc, comp. ln*51X, Josephus, Ant. xii, 5, 1. Instead of these, a Greek name of somewhat similar form and meaning was sometimes used; as 'AXKtpog (comp. C'p'^SX), 'Ic'iawi', etc. Ir]Tovc, Jesus, is also a Hebrew name, approach- ing a Greek form. See Jksus. (On 'Ovlag, 2()k(ji', Ilyrcanus, see Simonis Onomast. K. T. p. 152.) The cus- tom thus introduced was confirmed by increasing inter- course with the Greeks, and even some Latin names crept into Judiea. The names Philip, Ptolemy, Alex- ander, etc., were not rare (comp. especially Joseph. A nt. xiv, 10, 22). Jews took Latin names on various occa- sions; some, for instance, on emancipation from Koinan slavery. Among Egyptian Jews, Greek names were in use still earlier (comp. Philo, ii, 528). (r) Here we j find in part the reason why, in later times, some of the Jews bore two names at once ; e. g. .lohannes Marcus, Jesus Justus (Col. iv, 11). Other occasions were these : Bar was prefixed to the name of the father for a sur- name, as Joseph Barsabas ; or it was acquired on some special occasion, as Simon Cephas or Peter, Joses Bar- nabas, 'liovd^av 'A-jrcpovg (1 ^lacc. ii, 5), Simon Cana- anites (comp. also Josephus, War, v, 11, 5), or given to distinguish persons of the same name in one family or neighborhood; a distinction usually made in the Talmud by adding the name of the father, or of a trade or profession ; elsewhere by that of one's residence or birth|>lace, as Mary Maydalene, Judas Iscariot. A complete catalogue of all the proper names used by Jews is given by Hiller, Onomast. Sacrum (Tubing. 1706); J. Simon", Onomast. V. T. (Hal. 1741), in con- nection with his Onomast. X. T. et libr. V. T. apocra- pha (ibid. 1762); com|>. B. Jlichaelis, Observatt. philol. de nomin. prop. Ilebr. (Hal. 1729), and his Diss, nomina qucedam propr. ^'. et X. T. ex ririlib. in mulietria, etc., versa suo restituena sexui (Hal. 1754); Volts, Sylloye, vii, 26 sq. There is a useful catalogue of Phoenician and Carthaginian proper names in (iesenius, Monumenta Phaen. p. 395 scj.
(2.) The name was naturally given for the most part by the parents, but sometimes a number of their kins- men and friends would agree in bestowing one ; as in lluth iv, 17 ; Luke i. 59. Not scldDm in the course <if life this was changed for a new nnnie which was full of bigniticance among those who gave it ; or was at first
NAME
837
NAN^A
added to the original name, and gradually took its place. The latter happened with Cephas (Peter) and Barnabas. But princes often changed their names on their accession to the throne, as the popes do now (2 Kings xxiii, 34; xxiv, 17); comp. Joseph. Ant. xvi, 9, 4 ; Justin, X, 3 ; Ctes. Per*-. 5G ; Ludolf, llistor. ^thiop. ; Paulsen, Regier. d. Morgenl. p. 78. This was done even in the case of private persons on entering upon public duties of importance. See Numb, xiii, 16 ; comp. John i, 42 ; Acts iv, 36. This is still customary with monks on taking the vows of cloister life. To this head must be referred also the incident in 2 Sam. xii, 25, where the prophet Nathan, on assuming the charge of Solo- mon's education, gave him the name Jedediah. So in reference to important epochs in life (Gen. xxxii, 28; comp. xvii, 5, 15; Judg. vi, 32). The appellation Bo- anerges, which Jesus gave to James and John (Matt, iii, 17), seems not to have been a permanent name, but simply the expression of an opinion as to their talents and disposition. In Gen. xli, 45 ; Dan. i, 7 ; v, 12, the change of name takes place, not so much in reference to the change of circumstances or occupation as because Joseph and Daniel were in lands where their former Hebrew names were not understood or not readily pro- nounced. On the change of Saul's name to Paul, see Paul. Comp. Harmar, Ohserv, iii, 368; J. H. Stuss, De niutatione noinln. sacra et prof ana (Goth. 1735), iii, 4 ; Hackett, Illust. Script, p. 83 ; Thomson, Land aiid Book, i, 179 ; NiJldeke, Hebr. u. A rob. Eigennamen, in the Zeitschr.f. deutsch. morgenl. Gesellschaft, 18G1, p. 806. — Winer, ii, 133. See Proper Names.