Naiiteuil, Celkstix, a French artist noted for his contriliutions to sacred art. was born at Rome in 1813. He studied under Langlois and Ingres, and exhibited his first work, a IIoli/ Family, in 1833, followed by .1 Heffnar (1834), and Christ J/ealinf/ the ,Sick (1837) ; but he was mainly employed as a lithographer, and in the course of about thirty years executed more than 2000 vignettes for literary and musical publications. Among his more recent paintings are. The Temptation (1851): — The Vine {Ifibi) :— Souvenirs of (he I'ust and The Kiss of .Judas (1858), the latter after Van Dyck, of whicli he also produced an admirable engraving. He died at Paris in 1873.
Na'omi (Heb. NoOmi', ''5ai'3, my delight; Sept. "Hoopptiv, v. r. 'Sioipii', Nof/j/ifM', Not/f/ai, Noo///(fi, 'fiwt^tiiv, fiwtppiiv ; A'ulg. Noemi), a woman of Beth- lehem hi the days of the early judges; wife of Klime- lech, mother of Mahlon and Chilion, and mother-in-law of Ruth (Ruth i, 2, etc. ; ii, 1, etc. ; iii, 1 ; iv, 3, etc.). B.C. cir. 1363. The significance of her name contributes to
the point of the paronomasia in i, 20, 21, though the passage contains also a play on the mere sound of the name, " Call me not Naomi (pleasant), call me ilara (bitter) : . . . why then call ye me Naomi, seeing the Lord hath testified (cmah, i^3^) against me?" See Ruth.
ITaos (vaoc, the Greek technical name for a temple) is used to designate the body of the church. See Nave. The earlier Christians were averse to using this word with reference to their worship, on account of the use of it by the heathen. It was their boast that they had neither temples nor altars. But this is to be understood only relatively, by way of distinction between Jewish and heathen rites. When the danger of sympathizing either with Judaism or heathen idolatry had ceased, and a suspicion of such union could not be supposed to exist, Cliristians felt less hesitation in calling their churches temples, especially as this was the name ren- dered familiar to them by the Old-Testament Script- ures. The words vnog and temjdum are of frequent oc- currence in the writings of Lactantius, Ambrose, Kuse- bius, and Clirysostom, and the phraseology was common in the 4th century. — Farrar, Fccles. iJict. s. v. ; Neale, f/ist. Fast. Ch. Iiitrod. (see Index in vol. ii) ; Coleman, Christian Antiquities (see Index); Walcott, Sacred Ar- chceology, s. v.
Na'phish {Web. Naidtish' . 'C'^'S.l, refresher; Sept, N«0£c ; Vulg. Ntiphuf), the eleventh named of the twelve sons of Ishmael, patriarch and prince among the Ishmaelites(Cien.xxv, 15; Chron.i,31). B.C. post 1077. In 1 Chron. v, 19 (Sept. No^iaaloi, A.N. " Nephesh") the name of the ancestor is given to the tribe descended from him, who are classed among the Hagarites (q.v.), defeat- ed by the transjordanic tribes on their settlement in Ca- naan. "Naphish, in the three passages in which the name occurs, is grouped with Jetur. Jetur was unques- tionably identical with the Greek Itura-a and modem Jedur ; a small province situated at the eastern base of Hermon, and bordering on Damascus and Bashan. Jetur and Naphish were allies, and apparently dwelt together. The Israelites took from them .W.OOO" camels, 250,000 sheep, anil 2000 asses. They were manifestly a pasto- ral people, like the great modern tribes of the Anizeh, some of which have flocks and herds equally numerous. Then, having conquered the people and captured their cattle, we are told that 'the children of the half-tribe of Manasseh dwelt in the land: they increased from Ba- shan unto Jiaal-IIermon, and Senir, and unto Mount Hermon.' From this it may be concluded that the peo- ple of Naphish had a settled home situated between the range of Hermon and Bashan— that is, along the eastern declivities of the mountains" (Kitto). ''They have not been identified with any Arabian tribe ; but identifi- cations with Ishmaelitish tribes are often difficult. The dilHciilty in question arises from intermarriages with Keturahites and Joktanites, from the influence of JIo- hammedan histor}-, and from our ignorance respecting many of the tribes, and the towns and districts, of Ara- bia. If the Ilagarencs went southwards, into the prov- ince of Hejr, after their defeat, Naphish may have gone with them, and traces of his name should in this case be looked for in that obscure province of Arabia" (Smith). They doid)tless became afterwards amalga- mated with the Islnnaelitish clans, and so lost to late history. See Akaiua.
ITaph'isi (Na^tiTi v. r. "Sa^uaii ; Tulg. Nasissin), one of the Temjile servants whose " sons" returned from the exile (1 Esdr. v, 31); evidently the NEriiisiiEsiM (q. V.) or Nephuslm of the Heb. texts (Neh. vii, 52; Ezra ii, 50).
Naph'tali (Heb. NaphtaW, *1^PE5, viy wrestling, see Gen. XXX, 8; Sept. Nt^^nXi, but fourteen times N»^- ^a\v, as Gen. xxx,8; eight times SKp^aXii/i. as Gen. XXXV, 25; once Nf^^aXi'/i, as 1 Kings iv, 15; X. T. and Josephus,N«^5aXt(/«; Yiilg.O.T. Nephlhali : but some- times Nephlali, as Gen. xxx, 8 ; N. T. Nephthalim ;
NAPHTALI
841
NAPHTALI
Auth. Vcr. N. T. " Nephthalim"), the fifth son of Jacob, ami his second by Bilhah, Rachel's handmaid, born B.C. 1915, in Padan-Aram. (In the following account of this patriarch and the tribe descended from him we employ in part the statements in Kitto's and Smith's Dictionaries.) At his birth, the origin of the name is thus explained (Gen. xxx,8) : "And Rachel said. With wrestliiiffs of God have / wrestled" (D"^rt'bx "^^WSS TlbnSS, i. e. according to the Hebrew idiom, " im- mense wrestlings;" aiii)X'^a>r]roQ olov," as if irresistible," is the explanation of the name given by Josephus, Ant. i, 19,8) "with my sister; and I have prevailed; and she called his name Naphtali.'' Both the Septuagint and Latin versions mistake the meaning and spoil the force of this passage (Gen. xxx, 8). Onkelos and the Syriac version represent Rachel as having entreated God by prayer, and this seems to be the correct idea (see Ka- lisch, ad loc). By his birth Naphtali was thus allied to Dan (Gen. xxxv, 25) : and he also belonged to the same portion of the family as Ephraim and Benjamin, the sons of Rachel ; but, as we shall see, these connec- tions appear to have been only imperfectly maintained by the tribe descended from him. At the migration to Egvpt four sons are attributed to Naphtali (Gen. xlvi, 2-i ;" Exod. i, 4 ; 1 Chron. vii, 13). Of the individual patriarch not a single trait is given in the Bible, as up to the time of Jacob's blessing the twelve patriarchs his name is only mentioned in two public lists (Gen. xxxv, 25 ; xlvi, 2-1) ; but in the Jewish traditions he is celebrated for his powers as a swift runner, and he is named as one of the five who were chosen by Joseph to represent the family before Pharaoh (7'«?v7. Pseudnjnu. on Gen. 1, 13 and xlvii, 2). In the Testament of the Twelve Patria?-chs'Naphta\i dies in his one hundred and thirty-second year, in the seventh month, on the fourth day of the month. That work explains his name as given "because Rachel had dealt deceitfully" (iv Travovpyia tTTou^at). It also gives the genealogy of his mother: "Balla (Bilhah), the daughter of Routhaios, the brother of Deborah, Rebekah's nurse, was born the same day with Rachel. Routhaios was a Chakteau of the kin- dred of Abraham, who, being taken captive, was bought as a slave by Laban. Laban gave him his maid Aina or Eva to wife, by whom he had Zelipha (Zilpah)— so called from the place in which he had been captive — and Balla" (Fabricius, Cod. Pseudepigr. V. T. p. 659, etc.).