1 Ferdinand retired with his court to Sicily, and for a brief period enjoyed the restoration of his sovereign
j rights in Naples; but a second invasion by Napoleon (180G) ended in the proclamation of his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as king of Naples; and on this latter assum-
j ing the Spanish crown, in 1808, tliat of Naples wrs
j awarded to Joachim Murat, brother-in-law of Napoleon. After the defeat and execution of .Murat in 1815, the Bourbon monarch, Ferdinand IV, was restored. The liberal insurrectionary movements in Naples in 1821 and 1830 were the forermmers of the Revolution of 1848; and in each case the party of progress was com-
I bated by the respective kings with ruthless severity and perfidious concessions, to be cancelled and avenged
I with sanguinary fury when flie disarmed and credulous patriots were at the mercy of the sovereigns. In 1859 the efforts of (iaribaldi brought about the It.alian war, which finally resulted in freeing all Italian territory from foreign rule, and thus Naples was incorjuirated as part of the newly-established Italian kingdom. See Italy.
' The city of Naples is noted as the place in which the
' li(piefaction of the blood of St. Januarius (q. v.) takes place.
Napoleon, Glvcoppo, a Roman prelate of great note, w;is the deseeiulant of the distinguished Roman house of the Orsini, and flourished after the opening of the 14th century. He was tlie head and representative of the Italian cardinals at the time of the (lecease of jtojie Clement V in 1314, whom he liad greatly disliked and
NAPOLI
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NARBONNE
bitterly opposed in all his measures, and exerted himself in the "elevation of James of Cahors as pope John XXII. Cardinal Napoleon was a great favorite with the Romans, and therefore enjoyed much influence at the papal court. He was the cardinal of St. Peter's, and known general- ly only as such. Upon the decease of pope Gregory XI in 137(), the papal conclave had great difficulty in choos- ing a successor. The cardinal of St. Peter's aspired to the pontificate, and the Romans anxiously looked for his elevation ; but the conclave considered him too old, and tlie archbishop of Bari was elevated as pope Urban VI. During the insurrection consequent upon the elec- tion of pope Innocent VII, the cardinal was killed in 1404. See Jlilman, Uist. Lat. Christianity, vii, 16, 477, 478.
Napoli (or Xauplia or Nahulus), a city of Palestine, supposed to be the ancient Shecheh (now Nablus), and situated about thirty miles north of Jerusalem, is noted in ecclesiastical history as the seat of a Church council held there in 1120, which was convoked by the patriarch Guermondus and king Baldwin, and was at- tended by ten prelates and several distinguished secular princes. The canons published by this council are lost. Its object was reform in the Church. See Labbe, Con- di. X, 884.
Napoli, Cesare di, a Sicilian painter, flourished at Messina about 1583. According to Hackert, he stud- ied in the academy of Polidoro da Caravaggio at jNIes- sina, and was one of liis most distinguished disciples. He was a perfect imitator of his master's style, and executed some excellent Avorks for the churches. See Spooner, Bior/. Hist, of the Fine A rts, ii, 608.
Narada. See Nareda.
Naraka, the hell of the Hindus, according to Manu (q.v.), is divided into twenty-one cells or apartments, each of them 10,000 yojanas in length, breadth, and height. The walls are said to be nine yojanas in tliick- ness, and of so dazzling a brightness that they burst the eyes of those who look at them, even from the dis- tance of 100 yojanas. Each hell is so enclosed that there is no possibility of escape from it. Manu, the celebrat- ed Hindu Moses, gives a general description, dwelling with considerable detail on the tortures which await the impious in the other world. " They will be mangled (in these hells) by ravens and owls ; they will swallow cakes boiling hot, walk over burning sands," etc. The Pura- nas, of course, also furnish an account of Naraka, and they are indeed far more systematic. The Vishnu- Puriina, for instance, not only names twenty-eight such hells, but distinctly assigns each of them to a particular class of sinners. Thus a man who bears false witness, or utters a falsehood, is condemned to the hell Raurava (i. e. fearful) ; one who causes abortion, plunders a town, kills a cow, or strangles a man, goes to the hell Rodha (i. e. obstruction) ; the murderer of a Brahmin, stealer of gold, or drinker of wine, goes to the hell Sukara (i.e. swine); and so on. Besides these twenty-eight hells, however, which the Purana names, we are told of •' hun- dreds and thousands of others in which sinners pay the penalty of their crimes." See Hinduism.
Narasingha (a Sanscrit word from nara, '• a man," and singha, '• a lion," i. e. tlie man-lion) is the name, in Hindu mythology, of the fourth avatar of Vishnu. It is related that Hiranyakasipu, by his penances and sacrifices in honor of Brahma, had obtained as a boon from that deity that lie should possess universal mon- archy, and be wholly exempt from death or injury from ever}' god, man, or creature in existence. Having now nothing to fear, his arrogance and impiety became in- sufferable. He had, however, a son of a wholly differ- ent character, and remarkable for his piety and virtue. The son, reproving his father's wickedness, once said to him that the Deity was present everywhere. '■ Is he in that pillar?" said the angry tyrant. " Yes," replied the son. Thereupon Hiranyakasipu, in contempt, struck the pillar with his sword, when the stony mass fell asun-