he says that on the isthmus which binds the peninsula to the mainland, "on trouve les mines de I'ancienne Neapo- lis ou celles d'nu chateau reconstruit daus le moyen age." It appears that a mediaeval or Venetian fortress existed there; but, as far as is yet ascertained, nothing else has been discovered which points to an earlier period. Col- onel Leake did not visit either this Kavalla or the other, and his assertion that there are "the ruins of a Greek city" there (which he supposes, however, to have been Galepsus, and not Neapolis) appears to rest on Cousi- nery's statement. But, as involving this claim of Eski Kavalla iu still greater doubt, it may be added that the sitiiatiou of Galepsus itself is quite uncertain. Dr. Ar- nold (note on Thucyd. iv, lOT) places it near the moiuh of the Strymon, and hence much farther west than Leake supposes. Aecoidiug to Cousiuery, Galepsus is to be sought at Kavalla.
Secondly, the advantages of the position render Kaval- la the probable site of Neapolis. It is the first convenient harbor south of the Hellespont, on coming from the east. Thasos serves as a natural landmark. Tafel says, iudeed, that Kavalla has no port, or one next to none; but that is incorrect. The fact that the place is now the seat of an active commerce proves the contrary. I: lies open somewhat to the south and south-west, but is otherwise well sheltered. There is no danger in going into the har- bor. Even a rock which lies oft" the point of the tcjwn has twelve fathoms alongside of it. The bottom aft'ords n;ood anchorage; and although the bay may not be so large as that of Eski Kavalla, it is ample for the accom- modation of any number of vessels which the course of trade or travel between Asia Minor and Northern Greece would be likely to bring together there at any one time.
Thirdly, the" facility of iuterconrse between this i)ort and Philippi shows that Kavalla and Neapolis must be the same. The distance is ten miles, and hence not great- er than Corinth was from Cenchrea and Ostia frcmi Rome. Both places are in sight at once from the top of Symbolum. The distance l)etweeu Philippi and Eski Kavalla must be nearly twice as -jreat. Nature itself has opened a passage from the one place to the other. The nuniutains which guard the plain of Philippi on the coast-side fill apart just behind Kavalla, and render the construction of a road there entirely easy. No such defile exists at any other point in this line of formidable hills. It is im- possible to view the configuration of the country from the sea and not feel at once that the only natural place for crossing into the interior is this break-down iu the vicin- ity of Kavalla.
Fmtrthly, the notices of the ancient writers lead us to adopt the same view. Thus Dio Cassius says (Hist. Rom. xlvii, 35) that Neapolis was opposite Thasos (kot uvTiTrt- pa^ Qiiaov), and that is tlie situation of Kavalla. It would be much less correct, if correct at all, to say that the other Kavalla was so situated, since no part of the island ex- tends so far to the west. Appian says (Bell. Civ. iv, 100) that the camp of the Republicans near the Gangas, the river (noTaii6<;) at Philippi, was nine Roman miles from their triremes at Neapolis (it was considerably farther to the other place), and that Thasos was twelve Roman miles from their naval station (so we should understand the text) ; the latter distance appropriate again to Ka- valla, but not to the harbor farther west.
Finallv, the ancient Itineraries support entirely the identification in question. Both the Antonine and the Jerusalem Itineraries show that the Esrnatian Way passed through Philii)pi. They mention Philippi and Neapolis as next to each other "in the order of suiressioii ; and since the line of travel which these Itinriai lis sketch was the one which led from the west to r.yzanliuni, or Constantinople, it is reascniable to supjiose liiat the road, after leaving Philippi, would pursue the most convenient and direct course to the east which the nature of the country allows. If the road, therefore, was constructed on this obvious principle, it would follow the track of the present Turkish road, and the next station, conse- quently, would he Neapolis, or Kavalla, on the coast, at the tei-mination of the only natural defile across the in- tervening mountains. The distance, as has been said, is about ten miles. The Jerusalem Itinerary gives the dis- tance between Philippi as ten Roman mile.s and the An- tonine Itinerary as twelve miles. The difference in the latter case is unimportant, and not greater than in some other instances where the places in the two Itineraries are nnqiiestionablv the same. It mnst be several miles farther than this from Philippi to Old Kavalla, and heuce the Neapolis of the Itineraries conld not be at that point. The theory of Tafel is that Akontisma, or Herkoniroma (the same place, without doubt), which the Itineraries mention next to Neapolis, was at the present Kavalla, and Neapolis at Lenter, or Eski Kavalla. This theory, it is true, arranges the places in the order of the Itineraries; but, as Leake objects, there would be a needless detour of nearly twenty miles, and that through a region much more difficult than the direct way. The more accredited view is that Akontisma was beyond Kavalla, farther east.