VIII. Lileratiire.—The works extant on the history of Xcstorianism are very numerous. In Malcom's 'J7ie- oliir/iral Index is a long list of such works; the most im- portant are, Doucin, I/i.itoire du Nestorianisnie (1G89); Franzius (Northolti), DUsertationes ; Le Quien, Orivns Clii'iitianus ; Schroder, Libernli Ilistoria controveisia' Ncxtoriaiue. In the foregoing account, besides the usual materials, the Brevhtrinm of Liberatus, who was archdeacon of Carthage, written cir. A.D. 504, and the works of Marius Mercator, already referred to under Nestorius (q. v.), have been largelj' relied upon. On the Nestorian side appear the sermons of Eutherius; and Asscmani, IM Syris Xestoriimis, in his JHhliollKat Orirnldlis (Horn. 1711)-1728 sq.), tom. iii, jit. ii (quoted by Dr. Hey, bk. iv, art. ii, § 9), gives a catalogue of I'M writers, with more in an appendix, who are called Syrian Nestorian writers : " but the New Testament is one book so reckoned, and Clemens IJomanus one author." See also FJx'djesu (Nestorian metropolitan of Nisibis, t i;tl.s), /,//;(,• .\f(iri/inif<r df veritalf Jidei (a defence of the Ncslorians), in Mai's Script, ret. mira. collect. |)t. x. ii. 317 ; (iibbon, Decline and Full of the lioinun Empire, ch.
xlvii, near the end: Ilohlenberg, De orirjinibus et f<itis ecclesim ChriMianw. in India orientali (Havniae, 1822, 8vo) ; Hagenbach, Hist. Doctrines, i, 20, 241, 275; ii, 35, 117, 344, 3(53; llardwick, Ilut. Mid. Ayes (see Index); Lea, Hist. Sacerdotal Celibaci/, p. 97 sq. ; Haag, IHst. des Dof/mes Chretiens, i, 190-192; ii, 119, 139, ICO, 289, 320; Rruns, Xeiies Repertorium f. d. theol. Literatitr u. kirch- lirli< Stiifisfi/r: l;itter, Erdkunde ; Justin I'crkins, .4 Resi- ,l,Nr,- ,,/ i:;,,ht Years in Persia (Andovcr. 1843, 8vo); Ainswortb. Tranls and Researches in Mesopotamia,
I etc. ; Layard, Xineveh and its Remains ; Perkins, Eifjht Years spent among the Xestorian Christians (New York,
1 1843); Buchanan, Christian Researches in the East;
I Smith and Dwight, Researches in Armenia, with a Visit to the Xestorian and ChaldiKan Christians of Orumiah and Salmas (Bost. 18.33, 2 vols. 8vo): Woman and her Saviour in Persia (Bost. 1863) ; Etheridge, Rituals of
\the Syrian Churches; (irant, The Xestorians (1841);
I Badger, The Nestorians and their Rituals (Lond. 1852, 2 vols.) : Wiltsch, Kirchliche Geographie v. Statistik, i, 214 sq. ; Wiggers, Kirchliche Statistik, vol. i, pt. ii, § 73 sq. ; Newcomb, Cyclop, of Afissioiis, p. 5o3 sq. : Ander- son, Hist, of the M Visions of the A . Ii. C. F. M. in the Ori- ental Churches, vols, i and ii ; Grundemann, Missions- Atlas, Y>i. ii, No. 3; The Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, Jul)' and August, 1852; North British Revieir, vol. xi; xxxviii, 247; Ch. Remembrancer, 1862, p. 65: Prince- ton Rev. 1842, p. 59; Kiito, Jour. Sac. Lit. Jan. 1853, p. 513; Meth. Quar. Rev. July, 1854, p. 462; 1843, p. 479; 1841, p. 483. (.LH.W.)
Nestorius, a celebrated theologian of the 5th cen- tury, noted as the founder of the Xestorians (q. v.) — an important and early sect of Christians — was born, according to the ecclesiastical historian Socrates, who has written his life, at Germanicia, a city in Northern S\-ria, near the opening of the 5th century. He re- ceived his theological education, it is supposed, under the Monophysite Theodore of Mopsuestia. Nestorius ■was ordained to the priesthood at Antioch, where he was made a presbyter, and where he was "esteemed and celebrated," says Neander, "on account of the rigid austerity of his life and the impressive fervor of his preaching." The popularity of his pulpit gifts attract- ed to him large and attentive audiences, and he be- came a great favorite Avith the pco])le generally. The Church — which was then greatly divided on the doc- trine of the motherhood of Mary, some holding her to be the mother of God, others regarding her simply in tlie modern evangelical light — looked upon Nestorius
i as the man eminently fit by his sound, practical judg-
j ment and his vast theological learning for a clearing process in this mystifying dogma; and so general was the opinion that Nestorius could unite all Christian l)e- lievcrs of the East that the peojilc hailed witli great satisfaction and joy his elevation (A.D. 428) to the patriarchate of Constantinople, which had been sought for by more prominent ecclesiastics, whom the emperor had passed by because of their rivalry. In Constan- tinople Nestorius was lookeil to as a second Chrysos- tom, and a restorer of the honor of his great ])redecessor against the detraction of his Alexandrian rival. But no sooner was Nestorius ])romoted to tliis elevated and responsible position than he began to display an intem- perate zeal, which partook more of the bigotry of tlie monk than the general tolerant spirit which was be- coming his character and iiosilion as a minister of Christ. His very first efforts when once seated in the l)atriarchal chair were directed towards the extir|)ation of heretics, including Arians and Novatians, (^>iiarto- deciniani and Macedonians, who at that time abounded in the capital of the East and its subordinate dioceses. Indeed Nestoriiis's course had been foresha<lowed in his inaugural discourse, in which, addressing the emjwror Theodosius II, or the Younger, he gave utterance to these violent expressions: "Give me a country jiurged of all these heretics, and in exchange for it I will give you heaven. Help me to subdue the heretics, and I
NESTORIUS