Throne-Room at Teheran 847
Peacock as a Christian Symbol... 857 Pearl-oyster 858}
Common Pelican Page 877
Pendant 8SS
Gothic Pendentive 888
Byzantine Pendentive 8S9
White Penitent 892
Denarius of Tiberius 900
Coin of Perga 945
Plan of Perga 945]
View of PergamoB 947
Coin of Pergamos 948
Specimen of Perpendicular Style. . 955i
Perpeyn-wall, Lincoln Cathedral. . 955
Coin of Diocletian 967
Coin ofSIasimian Page SG7
Coin of Constantiiie 967
Rnius of Persepolis 972
Tetradrachm of I'erseus 973
Map of the Persian Empire 975
Ancient Persian King on his
Throne 977
Ancient Persian King putting his
Foot on an Enemy T . . . . 978
Persian Hunting Scene 978
Persian Warriors (179
Persian Costumes 979
Ancient Egyptian Pestle 9; S
C YC L 0 P^ D I A
OF
EIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE.
MEW.
New, Charles, a British missionary to Africa who suffered martj-rdom very recently, was a member of the United Methodist Free Churches of England. He \vas laboring among the Chagga, whose chiel^ Mandara, conceived ill-feelings against New, and used him so ill that he died in consequence of the severe treatment he experienced, in the summer of 1875. The British gov- ernment is at this writing in negotiation with the Chagga to secure indemnity for their brutal conduct towards one of its subjects. Mr. New deserves to be re- membered not only for his Christian missionary labors, but also for his service to African exploration.
Ne"W-Birtll is the technical expression frequently used instead of regeneration to exjiress the change from a natural or irreligious to a Christian living. The Church of England theology defines it as " That thing which hy nature a human being cannot have;" " that he may be baptized Avith water and the Holy Ghost, and received into Christ's holy Church, and be made a lively member of the same." "A death unto sin, and a new hirth unto righteousness." In short, it is that change of the moral nature which is requisite for salvation. This requirement, made by the Protestant Church in Christ's name, is undertaken by the person to be baptized. In the Anglican and Lutheran churches, in the case of in- fants to be baptized, the sponsor or parent assumes the responsibility of so training the candidate for baptism that when, "having come to years of discretion," he recognises the vows of his baptism, and "lives soberly, righteously, and godly in this (iresent world." An am- biguity has arisen from the difference of sense in which the term "new-birth" is at different times employed. It is used by some (in a sense allied to the above state- ment) to denote the admission to the privileges with which the Christian Church is endowed: namelj', that grace whose tendency is to place ns in the way of sal- vation ; by others, to signify the state of mind suitable to those who are born of God, and are in the path that leads to eternal life. See the articles Convkusiox ; Jus- tification; Regeneration; Salvation. (J. H.W.)
New-Born, a sect which arose in the United States in the early part of the last century. It was originated by Mattliias Baumann, a German emigrant, who embarked for America in 1719, and settled in what is now Bucks County, Pa. During the few j'ears which he passed in his adopted country — he died in 1727 — Baumann succeeded in drawing around him a small sect who called themselves New-Born, pretending to have received the new birth through mediate inspiration, apparitions, dreams, and the like. Any one who had thus been regenerated was alleged to be like Christ and God, and to be incapable of any longer committing sin. They denied that the Bible is necessary as a means of salvation, and scoffed at the holy sacraments. The privilege of impeccability they believed to be the por- tion of all who truly belonged to Christ. The New- Birth they held to be that new stone which none know-
eth but he that receiveth it. The sect appears to have survived the death of its foimder little more than twenty years. See Gardner, Faiths of the World, ii, 532.
New Britain is the name of one principal and of several subsidiary islands in the Pacific Ocean, situated between lat. 4^ and G^ 30' S., and long. 148^ and 152^ 30' E. The principal island, 300 miles in length, and having an area of 12,000 square miles, lies east of New Guinea, from which it is separated by Dampier Strait. The surface is mountainous in the interior, with active volcanoes in the north, but along the coast are fertile plains. Forests abound in the island, and palms, sugar- cane, breadfruit, etc., are produced. The inhabitants, the number of ^vhom is unknown, are the Negritos. They are well-formed, active, and of a very dark com- plexion. They are further advanced in civilization than is usual among the Polynesians, have a formal re- ligious worship, temples, and images of their deities. New Britain was first seen by Le jMaire and Schouten in 1G16, but Dampier, at a later date, was the first to land. See for details the articles Negritos and Poly-
NE.SIAN.S.
New Brunswick, a province of British America, originally a part of Nova Scotia, is situated to the north of that province, and to the south-cast of Canada. It has an area of 27,322 square miles, with a coast-line of 500 miles in extent. The population of New Bruns- wick in 1871 amounted to 285,594. The scenery of this province is beautiful, its soil is rich, and the land abounds in mineral wealth. The northern districts of the province, from the Bay of Chaleurs to the St. John, are occupied by metamorphic slates. In the south the carboniferous and new red sandstone sj'stems (in- cluding deposits of red marl and gypsum, and exten- sive beds of coal) prevail. One third of the surface of New Brunswick is underlaid by a bed of coal. Blany of the coal-measures, however, are tliin and impure; but the coal of Albert County is one of the most valuable de- posits of bituminous coal on the American continent, and is apparently inexhaustible. Throughout the province 2842 tons of coal were mined in 1851, and 18,244 tons in 1861 ; but mining has not yet become an important branch of industry. Gold and silver occur in New Brunswick; copper and iron ore of excellent quality abound; gypsum, plumbago, and limestone are very abundant; and the freestone of the province, unsur- passed for beauty and durability, commands a high price in the United States. In 18G1, 42,965 casks of lime, 42,47G grindstones, 14,080 tons of building-stone, and 14,000 tons of gypsum were brought into the mar- ket. Wild animals abound in the province, the lakes and rivers are well stocked with fish, and along the coasts cod, haddock; salmon, and other fish are caught in great plenty. Indeed, its fisheries are a principal source of income to the province. The autumn — and es- pecially the season called the Indian summer — is particu- larly agreeable, and the severity of the winter has been