Very few INISS. contain the whole N. T., " twenty- seven in all out of the vast mass of extant documents" (Scrivener, Introduction, p. Gl). The MSS. of the Apocalypse are rarest; and Chrysostom complained that in his time the Acts was very little known. Be- sides the MSS. of the N. T., or parts of it, there are also Lectionaries, which contain extracts arranged for the Church-services. These Avere taken from the Gospels (evayye\i(Trctpia),OT from the Gospels and Acts (npa^- aTrdoToXoi), or rarely from the Gospels and Epistles (dTToaroXoivayyiXia). The calendars of the lessons (auva'^dpia) are appended to very many jMSS. of the N. T. ; those for the saints'-day lessons, which varied very considerably in different times and places, were called firivoXoyia (Scholz, N. T., p. 453-493 ; Scrivener, p. 68-75).
When a MS. was completed, it was commonly sub- mitted, at least in early times, to a careful revision. Two terms occur in describing this process, 6 a'i'7i/3«X- Xwv and 6 Siop^wTljc. It has been suggested that the work of the former answered to that of " the corrector of the press," while that of the latter was more critical (Tregelles, ut. sup. p. 85, 80). Possibly, however, the words only describe two parts of the same work. Sev- eral MSS. still preserve a subscription which attests a revision by comparison with famous copies, though this attestation must have referred to the earlier exemplar (comp. Tischendorf, Jude subscript.) ; but the Coislinian fragment (H^) may have been itself compared, accord- ing to the subscription, " with the copj' in the library at Ctesarea, written by the hand of the holy Pamphilus" (comp. Scrivener, Introduction, p. 47). Besides this official correction at the time of transcription, !MSS. were often corrected by different hands in later times. Thus Tischendorf distinguishes the work of two correctors in C, and of three chief correctors in D^. In later MSS. the corrections are often much more valuable than the original text, as in 67 (Ep.) ; and in the Cod. Sinait. the readings of one corrector (2 b) are frequcntlj' as val- uable as those of the original text.
The work of Montfaucjon still remains the classical authority on Greek Palaeography {Palmographia Grieca, Paris, 1708), though much has been discovered since his time which modifies some of his statements. The plates in the magnificent work of Silvestre and Champollion (faleograpMe Universelle, Paris, 1841 ; Eng. transl. by Sir F, Madden, London, 1850) give a splendid and fairly accurate series of fac-similes of Greek jMSS. (Plates, liv- xciv). — Smith. Tischendorf has published fac-similes of several important texts, especially the Codex Sinai- ticus, and furnished in the Prolegomena to his N. T. valuable information on this subject. Scrivener's In- troduction gives specimens of many venerable MSS. For other topics relating to the character, form, and pres- ervation of the N.-T. text, see the articles Criticism,
Biblical; Greek Language; Manuscripts, Bibli- cal; Recension; Various Readings.
IV. Commentaries. — The following list comprises near- ly all the strictly exegetical helps on all the N. T. sepa- rately, exclusive of introductions (q. v.) ; to the most im- portant we prefix an asterisk (*) : Chrysostom, IIomilicB (in Gn, in 0pp. iii, 1 sq.) ; Augustine, Exegetica (in Oj)p. ; also tr. Sermons, Oxf. 1844-5, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Damianus, Exccrpta (in Mai, Script. Vet. VI, ii, 226 sq.) ; Alulfus, ExjMsitio (in Gregorj' Magn. 0pp. IV. ii) ; Cramer, Ca- tena (Oxf. 1844, 8 vo"is. 8vo) ; Valla [Rom. Cath.], ^a'- notationes (Par. 1505, fol.; Basil. 1520, 1541, 1545; Amst. 1638, 8vo) ; Erasmus, Adnotationes (Basil. 151G, fol., and often later; also in separate parts); Cajetan [R. C], Commentarii (Ven. 1530-1, 2 vols, fol., and often later) ; Zeger [R. C], Scholia (Colon. 1553, 8vo; also in the Critici Sucri); Zwingli, Adnotationes [on most of the books] (in Ojip. iv) ; BuUinger, Commentarii (Tigur. 1554, 1587, 1593, 1600, fol.) ; *Beza, A dnotaiiones (Genev. 1556, 1565, 1582, 1588, 1598; Cambr. 1642, fol.; Par. 1594, 8vo); *M!iT\ox&t\.\s, Expositio (Par. 1561, 1564, 1570; Genev. 1583, 1585, 1593, 1596, 1620; Heidelb. 1604, fol.); Strigel, Ilypomnemata (Lips. 1565, 2 vols. 8vo; also 4to; 1583, 4to); Flacius, Glossa (Basil. 1570, 1659, Francf. 1670, fol.) ; Montanus [R. C], Elucida- tiones (Antw. 1575, 3 vols. 4to) ; Aretius, Commentarii (Morg. 1580-84, 11 vols. 8vo; s. 1, 1589-90; Par. 1007, fol.; Bern. 1012; Par. 1618, 2 vols, fol.); Salmeron [R. C], Commentaria (Madrid, 1597-1002; Col. Ag. 1004, 6 vols, fol.) ; Tossanus, Commentarii [on certain books] (Hanov. 1604, 1614, 4to) ; Drusius, Adnotationes (Fran- eck. 1612 ; Amst. 1032, 4to) ; also his Commenturiiis Du- p)lex (Franeck. 1010, 2 vols. 4to); De Dieu, Animad- versiones (Lugd. Bat. 1033-46, 3 vols. 4to; also in Com- mentary on the Bible, Amst. 1693, fol.) ; Piscator, Coin- mentarii (Herb. 1638, fol.); Heinsius, Exercitationes (L. B. 1639, fol. ; Cambr. 1640, 4to) ; Camerarius, Com- menhirius (Cambr. 1642, fol.) ; l^^i^h, Annotations (Lond. 1650, fol. ; also in Latin by Arnold, Lips. 1732, 8vo) ; \].a.mmo\\i\, Paraj^hrase (Lond. 1053, 1059, 1060, 1080, 1681, 1689, 1702, fol. ; Oxf. 1845, 4 vols. 8vo ; in Latin by Le Clcrc, Amst. 1798, fol.) ; Trapp, Commentary (Lond. 1656, fol.; 1868, 8vo; also in his Commentary on the whole Bible) ; Crell [Socinian], Commentarii [on most of the N. T.], supplemented by Schlichting (Amst. 1656, fol.; also in other forms); J. Capellus, Observa- tionc's [includ. L. Capellus's Spicilegium^ (Amst. 1657, 4to ; also in the Critici Sacri) ; Schmidt, Notte (Norib. 1658, fol.); Price, Commentarii (Lond. 1660, fob; also in the Crit. Sac.) ; Morns, Notce (Lips. 1661, fol.) ; Pean [R. C], Commentuire (Par. 1670, 8vo) ; Quesnel, Reflex- ions (Paris, 1671 sq. ; Amst. 1736, 8 vols. r2mo ; tr. Reflec- tions, Lond. 1719-25, 4 vols. 8vo); Bauller, Mark und Kern (Ulm, 4to, vol. i, 1683; vol. ii, 1684); Baxter, Paraphrase (Lond. 1685, 4to; 1695, 1702, 1810, 8vo) ; Przipcov [Socinian], Cogitationes (Amst. 1692, fol.) ; KnatchbuU, Annotations [on certain texts] (Camb. 1693, 8vo); Hure, Canones (Par. 1090, r2mo) ; Pau- lutius [R. C], Commentarius (Rom. 1699, 2 vols, fol.) ; *Whitby, Commentary (Lond." 1703, 1705, 1708, 1718, 1728, 1744, 2 vols, fol.; 1760, 2 vols. 4to; also in several other forms) ; *Burkitt, Notes (Lond. 1704, and often, fol. and in other forms) ; Laurent, Erkliirung (Goth, et Hal. 1705-26, 4to); *Michaelis, Notce (ed. fil. et Fecht, Rost. 1706, 1728, 4to) ; Hunnius, Thesaurus (Vitemb. fol., vol. i, 1706; vol. ii, 1707) ; Fabricius, Observationes [on certain passages] (Hamb. 1712, 8vo) ; Hombergh, Observationes [on certain passages] (Traj. 1712, 4to); Bos, Exercitationes (Franc. 1713; Leov. 1731, 8vo) ; Beausobre, Notes (Amst. 1718, 2 vols. 4to) ; also Re- marques (La Haye, 1742, 4to) ; Scultetus, Paraphrasis (ed. Borcholt, Luneb. 1720, fol.) ; Fox, Explanation (Lond. 1722-42, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Albert, Observationes (L. B. 1725, 8vo); *\Volf, Curce (Hamb. 1725-35; Basil. 1741, 4 vols. 4to); Schottgen, Horce Ilebr. [Talmudic illustrations] (Lips. 1733, 2 vols. 4to) : '\\'all. Notes [critical] (Lond. 1730, 8vo) ; Simon [R. C], Remarks