NIZAM'S DOMINIONS
142
NJORD
303. Before going to New Spain, Niza had lived in Peru: lie has written several worlds upon that country. We will quote the lollowing works of his which have never been published : Ritos y ceremonias de los Iii- dios : — Las dos Cineas de los Incas y de los Scyris en las piovincias del Peru y de Quito: — Cartas informa- tivas de lo obrado en las jyrovineias del Peru y de Quito : — Relation de, frere Marcos de Niza ; translated into French (Paris, 1838, 8vo). See P. de Castafieela de Nagera, Relation du Voyage de Cibola {Collection de documents inedits sur Vhistoire ancienne de VAmerique [pub. i)ar M. Henri Ternaux-Compans]) ; Herrera, IJis- toria general de las Indias, dec. vi, lib. vii, xi, et xii ; Go- mara, La Historia de las Indias, lib. vi, cap. xxii, xix (edit, de Medina del Campo, 1553) ; Antonio Gal- vam, Tractado dos descohrimenios antigos e modernos, etc., anno 1542; Torquemada, Monarquia Indiana, lib. iv, cap. xi (Seville, 1G14, 3 vols, fol.) ; Jean Laet, Aor«« orbis, etc. (Leyd. 1633, fol.) ; De la Kenaudiere, Mexique, dam I'Univers pittoresque, p. 145; Prescott, Hist, of the Conquest oj" Mexico, vol. iii. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gene- rule, s. v.
Nizam's Dominions is the designation of an extensive territory in the interior of Southern India north-west of the Presidency of Madras, in lat. 15° J0'-21o 42' N., and long. 74° 40'-8F 32' E. ; from south-west to north-east 480 miles in length, and in its extreme breadth 340 miles, covering an area of 95,000 square miles, Avith a population estimated at upwards of 10,000,000. The surface is a slightly elevated table- land, naturally very fertile, but poorly cultivated, yet, wherever it receives moderate attention, yielding har- vests all the j'ear round. The products are rice, wheat, maize, mustard, castor-oil, sugar-cane, cotton, indigo, fruits (including grapes and melons), and all kinds of kitchen vegetables. The pasturages are extensive, and sheep and horned cattle are numerous. Marsh and jungle, however, occupy a great space, and originate fe- vers, agues, diseases of the spleen, etc., though the cli- mate is quite healthy where these do not abound. The mean temperature of the capital, Hyderabad, in January is 74° 30', and in May 93°. The inhabitants manufact- ure for home use woollen and cotton fabrics, and export silk, dressed hides, dye-stuffs, gums, and resins. The principal rivers are the Godavari ((Jodavery), with its tributaries the Dudhna, Manjera, and Pranhita; and the Kistna (Krishna), with its tributaries the Bimah and Tungabhadro. Good military roads traverse the territory. Tlie revenue of the Nizam is reckoned at £1,550,000 yearly. The ruler is a jMohammedan, but his subjects are mostly Hindiis [see Hinduism ; India] ; and thus far Christianitj' has failed to make any head- way among them.
History. — In 1G87 the territory now known as the Nizam's Dominions became a province of the Mogul empire; but in 1719 the governor or viceroy of the Deccan, Azof Jah, made himself independent, and took the title of Nizam ul-Mulk (regulator of tlie state). After iiis death, in 1748, two claimants appeared for the throne — his son Nazir Jung, and his grandson j\Iir- zapha Jung. The cause of the former was espoused by tlie East India Company, and that of the latter by a body of French adventurers under general Dupleix. Tlien followed a period of strife and anarchv. In 17(;i Nizam Ali obtained the supreme power, and after some vacillation signed a treaty of alliance with the English in 1708. He aided them in the war Avith Tippoo, sul- tan of Mysore, and at the termination of that war, in 1799, a new treaty was formed, by which, in return for certain territorial concessions, the East India Company bound itself to maintain a subsidiary force of 8000 men for the defence of tlie Nizam's Dominions. The present Nizam, or ruler, Afzul-ul-Dowlah, who succeeded to the government on the death of his father, May 19, 1857, remained faitliful to the British during the mu- tiny of 1857-58. — Chambers's Encyclop. s. v.
Nizami, Kendshkwi, a Persian poet, who flourish-
ed about the middle of the 12th century, is noted as the autlior of a poem in praise of God, inserted in Kosegar- teu's Triga Carmiuuni Orientuliuni, with notes. One of Nizami's principal poems furnished the subject of G^'zzi's drama of Turandot, which was subsequently imitated by the German poet Schiller. Nizami died in 118u.
Nizbursky, Lokenz, a Roman Catholic priest who flourished in Bohemia near the opening of the 17th cen- tury as pastor of St. Albert, in the new town of Prague, made himself infamous by his traffic in false testimonials of churchmanship maintained with those poor Bohe- mians whom the government was likely to persecute be- cause thej' had honestly forsaken Komanism during the Reformatory movement. Lorenz's double-dealing was discovered by tlie Jesuitic anti-Reformers, and he, to- gether with upwards of one hundred citizens, was ar- rested, and both the priest and tlie citizens were ac- cused of sacrilege and high-treason, and condemned to death. The citizens, however, saved their lives by paying a heavy fine and by a real transition to the Roman Church ; but the false priest was deprived of his priesthood, and publicly beheaded on April 7, 1631.
Nizolius, Marius, of Bersello, an Italian philos- opher, flourished near the middle of the IGth century. He was born about 1498, and died in 1576. He was a Nominalist of no mean order, and is frequently quoted by Leibnitz, who saw much of merit in his writings, though he condemned Nizolius's opposition to Aris- totle as too extreme, as also his extreme nominalist- ic doctrine that the genus is only a collection of in- dividuals— by which doctrine the possibilitj' of scien- tific demonstration on the basis of universal propositions is destroyed, and onl}' induction, as the mere collation of similar experiences, is left remaining as an organon of method. Nizolius exhibited his scholasticism in his Thesaurus Ciceronianus, and particularly in his Anfi- barbarus sive de veris principiis et vera ixttione philo- sophandi contra pseudo-philosophos (Parm. 1553, ed. G. \V. Leibnitz [Frankfort, 1670 and 1674]). Nizolius maintained the nominalistic doctrines that only in- dividual things are mere substances; that species and genera are only subjective conceptions by means of which several objects are considered together; and that all knowledge must proceed from sensation, which alone has immediate certainty.