Honorius and Arcadius, on dividing the empire of their father, adopted the same types of money ; it even appears that for a certain time the same coins served for both portions of the empire. A notable innovation is due to these two princes, namely, the introduction of the monogram of Christ on the sceptre. The usual legend is '• Victoria A uffff."
Two empresses bore the name of Eudoxia — one the ■wife of Arcadius, the other of Theodosius II. The common inscription is " ^iV. Eiidoxici." A gold piece bearing the legend " Salus Oi-ientis, Felicitas Occiden- tis," is believed to belong to the former.
Under Placidia, a daughter of Theodosius, and suc- cessively wife of Atauli)hus and Constantius, we may note hitherto unusual symbols of Christianity. The following is an example :
Coin of Placidia. (Obverse: diademed bust of the empress to the right; inscription, '^JiLMaciilia Aug." Reverse: Victory holding a tall cross surmounted by a star; le- gend, " Vota rmilta.'")
In the time of Valentinian II and Theodosius the younger the cross appears on almost all the pieces in various positions, and completely replaces the two forms of the monogram of Christ. The latter prince, who
Coin of Licinia, wife of Valentinian II. (Obverse: front view of bust of empress crowned and surmounted by across, with inscription "Licinia Eudaxia P. F. Aug?' Reverse: figure of the empress with a crown of pearls and other devices, holding a cross in one hand and the Bceptre iu the other ; legend, '' Sahis reipublicce.'')
ruled the East, was entitled to as little credit as his col- league for valor in arms. Nevertheless he obtained compliments on coins.
The brief occupancy of the throne by Petronius Max- imus and Avitus has left no traces on numismatics.
In the East, under Slarcion and Leo, we see repro- duced the familiar types of the preceding reigns. At Rome IMajorianus is fre(iuontly represented with the monogram of Christ on his shield, or on a ^fibula upon his left arm, and on the reverse a subdued dragon.
Anthemius and Leo generally have a nhnhus and toga, with a long cross like a spear and a globe ; some- times both emperors diademed and in military dress, clasping hands, with a tablet between their heads sur- mounted by a cross on which is inscribed '■•Pax."
But in all that we have hitherto found, nothing, per- haps has been so remarkable as the pious zeal exhibited in the legend " Salus mundi" surrounding the cross on a gold piece of Olybrius.
No innovation in the types of Christian coins occurs during the following reigns of Zeno, Glycerus, Julius Nepos, or Romu- lus Augustulus, with whom the empire of the West expired. Tlie usual tj'pe of his money is a cross in a crown of laurel.
5. From the Full of the Western Empire to the End of the Sixth Century. — Under Anastasius I the early Ro- man type disappears almost completely from the coinage to give place to the Byzantine character, which it pre- serves, although with many modifications, down to the capture of Constantinople. Numismatic art fell there- after, especially that in copper, into a great decadence, and after Honorius into complete barbarism. Anasta- sius ordered that his pieces of copper should express their value in Greek or Roman numerals.
Coin of Augiistulns.
Copper FoU/.s of Justin I, with the mouugram of Christ on the breast of the emperor.
The coins of the Gothic kings who occupied Italy from 476 to 553, and those of the Yandals who reigned in Africa from 428 to 534, take their place in the Byzan- tine series, since tliey generally bear the effigy of the contemporary emperors of the East, Anastasius. Justin I, or Justinian I. They often have the cross on the re- verse side. The same is the case with the autonomous medals of Ravenna and Carthage of the same period.
The coins of Justin II do not differ from those of the three preceding reigns, at least when that prince is the sole figure on them. Occasionally, however, lie is rep- resented with his wife Sophia, and the legend '■ Vila."
The reverse of some coins of Tiberius Constantine presents for the first time those elevated crosses, or on a globe, of which the type becomes very frequent a little later, especially after the time of Ileraclius.
We thus arrive at the year 582, which is near the close of the period we are considering. Indeed, up to the time of Phocas, who begins the seventh century (G02), Christian numismatics present no new feature. In the course of this century, that is to say, after Ilerac- lius up to Justinian II, the legend '■'■ Deus adjuta Ro- manis" appears, with the cross very variously formed. ^Under the latter prince, too, Byzantine money began to bear the Constantinian motto in (ircck, tv tovtiij riKa, which appears afresh under Nicephorus I in the hybrid form ^^ Jesus Christus nica."
6. Coinage of the Last Period of the Byzantine Empire. — In the eighth century the Byzantine money assumes still more decided marks of debased Christianity, by ad- mitting, in place of pious legends, the images of Jesus Christ, of the Virgin Mary, angels, and the saints. We are passing the bcn-dors of antiquity in order to give a complete view of the numismatics of the Eastern em- pire. The following examples will suffice for the pur- pose.— Martigny, Dict.des Antiquites, [i. 453 sq.