emas hurled against them by the pope. The connec- tion with this Church, which still has an archbishop and two bishops, was of vital importance for the per- petuation of the Old-Catholic community as long as it intended to claim a doctrinal agreement with the Cath- olic Church as it existed before 1870; for two of the Catholic sacraments. Holy Orders and Confirmation, can only be dispensed by bishops. The Congress of Munich appeared to be very intent upon avoiding everything that might involve an open breach with the Catholic Church before 1870, and endanger the claim of the Old Catholics to being regarded by the state governments as the only true representatives of the Catholic Church, and the owners of the Church property. The introduc- tion of more radical reforms, which was chiefiy urged by Austrians and Swiss, was postponed to a future period, when the participation of the Catholic people in Church legislation would be fully regulated by a new Church constitution. One of the resolutions, however, adopted by the Congress, declaring that even for the doctri- nal decisions of an oecumenical council validity could only be claimed if they agreed with the original and traditional faith of the Church as witnessed by the faith of the people and traditional science, involved a principle cutting deep into the traditional theories of the infallibility of the Church. At the same time a hope was expressed for a reunion with the Oriental and Anglican churches, and the doctrinal diiferences were not important enough to be regarded as insurmountable obstacles to a reunion. In consequence of the resolu- tions passed by the congress Old-Catholic congrega- tions were organized at Jlmiich, Passau, Cologne, Bonn, Heidelberg, and a number of other cities. In some places, as in INIunich and in Cologne, the municipal and state authorities gave to the Old Catholics the simulta- neous use of one of the Catholic churches, a permission which was regularly followed by the voluntary aban- donment of such a church by the ultramontane mem- bers of the congregation, who were exhorted to shun all communion with the new heretics. When the Catho- lic army bishop, Namszanowski, declared the soldiers' church of Cologne, which the military authorities had allowed the Old Catholics for simultaneous use, to have been desecrated by the " sacrilegious" mass, the minis- ter of war suspended him from his office. A regulation of the legal affairs of Old Catholics by the state gov- ernments was found to present unexpected diflSculties. The demand expressed by Prof. Schulte, the presi- dent of the Old-Catholic Congress of Munich, and one of the foremost lay leaders of the movement, that the Old Catholics alone be regarded as the legal successors of the Catholic Church prior to 1870, and that they be put by the state in possession of the entire property of the Church, could not be complied with, as the number of avowed Old Catholics was insignificant in compari- son with the infallibilists, and as the state governments were unwilling to interfere in a matter of a strictly ec- ' clesiastical character. For the latter reason they equally refused to comply with the request of the bishops no longer to regard the Old Catholics as members of the Catholic Church. Thus no course was left open to the state authorities but to recognise both parties as mem- bers of the Catholic Clhurch, with equal rights. This point of view was gradually adopted by the govern- ments of all the German states. Considerable differ- ence of opinion showed itself, however, in the execution of the princii>lc. The Prussian government exempted the Old Catholics of Wiesbaden from the duty of con- tributing for the expenses of the Catholic parish ; but, on the other hand, excused the Catholic children of the Gymnasium of Braunsberg from attending the religious instruction of the teacher, who had joined the Old Cath- olics. On the other hand, the Old-Catholic children in Bavarian schools were excused from attending the re- ligious instruction given by infallibilist teachers. At the beginning of 1872 the number of priests who had identified themselves with the movement was about
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thirty. A new impulse was given to it in the spring of that year by lectures which several leaders, like Dollin- ger, Keinkeiis, ISlichelis, Huber, and Friedrich, delivered in various (ilaces. lu some parts of Germany, as in the Bavarian palatiuate and the grand-duchy of Baden, the Old-Catholic societies perfected their organization bj' meeting in district conferences. In July, 1872, the arch- bishop of Utrecht accepted an invitation from several Old-Catholic congregations of Germany to administer the sacrament of conlirmation to their children, and to this end visited the congregations of Cologne, Munich, Spires, and other towns. Considerable progress in the further organization of the new Church was made at the second C)ld-Catholic Congress, which was held in September, 1872, at Cologne, and, like the first, was pre- sided over by Prof. Schulte. The Congress declared that the adherents of papal infallibility had separated from the true Catholic Church, and organized an ultra- montane anti-church (Gegenkirche) ; that the "New- Catholic" bishops had forfeited their rights of jurisdic- tion over those Catholics who remained faithful to the Old Church, and that the state authorities were in duty bound to protect the Old Catholics in the possession of all their ecclesiastical rights, to recognise their bishops and priests,' to grant to their congregations corporate rights, to exempt them from the duty of contributing to the expenses of tlie New-Catholic worship, to secure them the simultaneous use of the ecclesiastical edifices, and a share in the Church property; and, finally, to provide in the public expenditures for Catholic-Church purposes an endowment for Old-Catholic bishops, priests, and churches. The election of an Old-Catholic bishop by the clergy and delegates of the congregations was taken into consideration, and it was provided that as long as the Old Catholics had no bishops of their own, the bishops of the Old Catholics of Holland, and those bishops of the United Armenian Church who occupied a similar position with regard to the papacy as the Old Catholics, should be invited to perform those functions which the usage of the Catholic Church reserves to bishops. All other reforms were ])ostponed to the time when a regular Church synod should meet under the presidency of a bishop ; but the Congress applauded a declaration of Prof. Friedrich, of the University of Munich, one of the prominent theological scholars of the Church, that the Old-Catholic Church had already grown beyond the bounds originally observed, and that it was no longer exclusively directed against papal in- iufallibility, but against an entire system of errors of one thousand years, which had its climax in this novel doctrine of infallibility. " By the compulsion of the bishops," the speaker remarked, '■ we are pushed for- ward on the roail to reforms." The Congress, on the other hand, decidedly disapproved the arbitrary ad- vances in this direction by individual congregations and priests, like father Hyacinthe, who, without wait- ing for the abolition of priestly celibacy by the proper Church authorities, had entered the state of marriage. A special interest was shown in the project of a reunion of the large divisions of Christendom, and a special committee was appointed, with Dr. Dollinger as chairman, to enter into negotiations with the East- ern and Anglican churches on this subject. On June 4, 1873, the hierarchical structure of the new Church was completed by the election of Prof. Keinkens. of the University of Breslau, as the first Old-Catholic bishop. Tiie electoral body, which met at Cologne, consisted of all the Old-Catholic priests of the German empire, and d(degates of the Old -Catholic congrega- tions and societies. The bishop elect was on Aug. 11 consecrated by bishop Heykamp, of Deventer, of the Old-Catholic Church of Holland, and was recognised as a bishoi) of the Catholic body by the governments of Prussia, Baden, and Hesse. Tiie govcnnnent of Bava- ria, however, in accordance with a report made on the subject by a committee of jurists, refused to recognise him, although, on the other liaiui, it also declined to