GreLiau Done.
shaft of the column has twenty flutings, which are sep- arated by a sharp edge, and not by a fillet as in the other orders, and they are less than a semicircle in depth ; the moulding below the abacus of the capital is an ovolo; the architrave of the entablature is surmount- ed with a plain fillet called the tenia ; the frieze is or- namented by flat projections, with three channels cut in each, which are called triglyphs; the spaces between these are called metopes ; under the triglyphs and be- low the tenia of the architrave are placed small drops, or guttse; along the top of the frieze runs a broad fillet, called the capital of the triglyphs ; the soffit of the cor- nice has broad and shallow blocks worked on it called mutules, one of which is placed over each metope and each triglyph ; on the under surface are several rows of guttiB or drops. In these respects the order as worked both by the Greeks and Romans is identical; but in other points there is considerable difference. In the pure Grecian examples the column has no base, and its height rises from about four to six and a half diameters;
the capital has a perfectly plain square abacus, and the ovolo is but little if at all curved in section, except at the top, where it is quirked under the abacus; under the ovolo are a few plain fillets and small channels, and a short distance below them a deep narrow channel is cut in the shaft: the flutes of the shaft are continued up to the fillets under the ovolo. In the Roman Doric the
Roman Doric.
shaft is usually seven diameters high, and generally has a base, sometimes the Attic and sometimes that which is peculiar to the order, consisting of a plinth and torus with an astragal above it ; the capital has a small moulding round the top of the abacus, and the ovolo is in section a quarter circle, and is not quirked ; under the ovolo are two or three small fillets, and below them a collarino or neck. According to the Roman method of working this order, the triglyphs at the angles of buildings must be placed over the centre of the column, and the metopes must be exact squares. Sometimes the mutules are omitted, and a row of dentels is worked under the cornice.
c. The Ionic Order. The most distinguishing feature of this order is the capital, which is ornamented with four spiral projections called volutes; these are arranged,
Erectheum at Athens.
in the Greek examples, and the best of the Roman, so as to exhibit a flat face on the two opposite sides of the capital, but in later works they have been made to spring out of the mouldings under the angles of the abacus, so as to render the four faces of the capital uni- form, the sides of the abacus being worked hollow like the Corinthian ; the principal moulding is an ovolo, or echinus, which is overhung by the volutes, and is almost invariably carved; sometimes also other enrichments are introduced upon the capital : in some of the Greek examples there is a collarino, or necking, below the echinus ornamented with leaves and flowers. The shaft varies from eight and a quarter to about nine and a half diameters in height ; it is sometimes plain, and sometimes fluted with twenty -four flutes, which are separated from each other by small fillets. The bases used with this order are principally varieties of the Attic base, but another of a peculiar character is found in some of the Asiatic examples, the lower mouldings
ORDER
408
ORDERICUS
Grecian louic.
of which consist of two scotiaj, separated by small fillets and beads, above which is a large and prominent torus. The members of the entablature in good ancient exam- ples are sometimes perfectly plain, and sometimes en- riched, especially the bed -mouldings of the cornice, which are frequently cut with a row of dentels. In
Koman louic.
modem or Italian architecture, the simplicity of the ancient entablature has been considerably departed from, and the cornice is not unfrequently worked with modillions in addition to dentels.
d. The Corinthian Order is the lightest and most or- namental of the three orders used by the Greeks. " The capital." says Rickman, "is the great distinction of this
Coiiuthi.in Capital.
order; its height is more than a diameter, and consists of an astragal, fillet, and apophj-gcs, all of which are measured with the shaft, then a bell and horned abacus. The bell is set round with two rows of leaves, eight in each row, and a third row of leaves supports eight small
open volutes, four of which are under the four horns of the abacus, and the other four, which are sometimes interwoven, are under the central recessed part of the abacus, and have over them a Hower or other orna- ment. Tliese volutes spring out of small twisted husks, placed between the leaves of the second row, and are called caulicoles. The abacus consists of an ovolo, fillet, and cavetto, like the modern Ionic. There are various modes of indenting the leaves, which are called from these variations acanthus, olive, etc. The column, in- cluding the base of half a diameter, and the capital, is about ten diameters high." The base which is consid- ered to belong to this order resembles the Attic, with two scotiae between the tori, which are separated by two astragals; the Attic base is frequently used, and other varieties sometimes occur. The entablature of this order is often very highly enriched, the tlat sur- faces as well as the mouldings being sculptured with a great variety of delicate ornaments. The architrave is generally formed into two or three faces or facife; the frieze in the best examples is flat, and is sometimes united to the upper fillet of the architrave by an apophyge ; the cornice has both modillions and dentels.