See Hoffmann, Nova scriptorum ac monumentorum collectio, ii, 16 sq. (Leips. 1733, 4to) ; Eheinwald, Ordo Romanus, in Ersch u. Gruber, Allgem. Encyklopadie, sec. iii, pt. V ; Herzog, Real-Encyklop. x, 693 sq. (J. N. P.)
Ordo Salutis. See Salvation.
Ore. See Gold ; Metal.
O'reb (Heb. Oreb', "ZT^VJ [Judg. vii, 25; Isa. x, 26, S'l"], a raven ; Sept. 'Qpi]ft v. r. 'Opijfi ; Josephus, 'Qpi]l36g, Ant. v, 6, 5), the name of a sheik of the Mid- ianites, who, with Zeeb ("the wolf"), invaded Israel, and was defeated and driven back by Gideon. B.C. cir. 1362. See Gideon. The title given to them (D'^'lb, A, V. " princes") distinguishes them from Zebah and Zalmunna, the other two chieftains, who are called "kings" (0*^23^), and were evidently superior in rank to Oreb and Zeeb. " They were killed, not by Gideon himself, or the people under his immediate conduct, but by the men of Ephraim, who rose at his entreaty and intercepted the flying horde at the fords of the Jordan, This was the second act of that great tragedy. It is but slightly touched upon in the narrative of Judges,
OREB
422
ORESME
but the terms in which Isaiah refers to it (x, 26) are such as to imply that it was a truly awful slaughter. He places it in the same rank with the two most tre- mendous disasters recorded in the whole of the history of Israel — the destruction of the Egyptians in the Red Sea, and of the army of Sennacherib. Nor is Isaiah alone among the poets of Israel in his reference to this great event. While it is the terrific slaughter of the Midianites which points his allusion, their discomfiture and flight are prominent in that of the author of Psa. Ixxxiii. In imagery both obvious and vivid to every native of the gusty hills and plains of Palestine, though to us comparatively imintelligible, the Psalmist de- scribes them as driven over the uplands of Gilead like the clouds of chaff blown from the threshing - floors ; chased away like the spherical masses of dry weeds which course over the plains of Esdraelon and Philistia — flying with the dreadful hurry and confusion of the flames that rush and leap from tree to tree and hill to Ijill when the wooded mountains of a tropical country are by chance ignited (Psa. Ixxxiii, 13, 14). The slaughter was concentrated around the rock at which Oreb fell, and which was long known by his name (Judg. vii, 25 ; Isa. x, 26). This spot appears to have been in the valley of the Jordan, from whence the heads of the two chiefs were brought to Gideon to en- courage him to further pursuit after the fugitive Zebah and Zalmunna" (Smith). See below.
O'REB, THE ROCK (n^i:? n^l^ ; Sept. in Judg. Soi'ip, v. r. Hovpeiv; in Isa. tottoc 5r\l\pfw£; Vvlg. Peira Orel), and Horeh), the "raven's crag," the spot at which the Midianitish chieftain Oreb, with thousands of his countrymen, fell by the hand of the Ephraimites, and which probably acquired its name therefrom. It is mentioned in Judg. vii, 25, and Isa. x, 26. Some have inferred that the rock Oreb and the winepress Zeeb were on the east side of the Jordan (Gesenius, Rosenmliller, etc.). Perhaps the place called 'Orho (1^1"), which in the Bereshifh Rubha (Reland, Palcsst. p. 913) is stated to have been in the neighborhood of Bethshean, may liave some connection with it. Rabbi Judah (Be?'. Rahba, ib.) was of opinion that the Orehim ("ravens") \yho ministered to Elijah were no ravens, but the peo- ple of this Orbo or of the rock Oreb, an idea upon which even St. Jerome himself does not look with entire dis- favor {Comin, in Isa. xv, 7), and which has met in later times with some supporters (Smith). But a more careful examination of the same narrative renders it clear that the locality of Oreb's death was on the 7vest side of the Jordan, and that the Ephraimites, having there intercepted the Midianites, afterwards brought the heads of the foe to Gideon after he had crossed the Jordan (see Keil, Comment, ad loc). A writer in Fair- bairn's Dictionarij, s. v. Keziz, suggests the " low pro- jecting point opposite the Jericho ford, still bearing the equivalent title of Eshel-Ghurah, "the Raven's Nest" (Robinson, Later Bib. Res. p. 293) ; but this is rather far south, and needs further examination.
O'reb (Lat. Oreb), the Occidental form (2 Esdr. ii, 33) of the name of Mount Houeb (q. v.).
Oreb. See Raven.
Orebites or Horebites. See Hussites.
Oregim. See Jaaue-oregim.
Oregio, Agostixo, a learned Italian prelate, was corn in 1577 at Santa Sofia, in Tuscany. Sent to Rome to pursue his studies, he ran there the same risk as Jo- seph in the liouse of Potiphar, and had, like him, suffi- cient force of character to overcome the temptation. This virtuous act touched the heart of cardinal Bellar- mine so vividly that he became quite well affected to- wards the young pupil, and was induced to jilace him in a noble college at his private expense. It is said Oregio learned the (Jreek language by means of seeing and hearing his patron write and dispute in that tongue. After being theological counsellor to pope Urban VIII,
he was made cardinal Nov. 18, 1633, and archbishop of Benevento, where he died, July 12, 1635. The collection of his works has been published by his nephew (Home, 1637, foL), in which are distinguished a dissertation entitled A ristotelis vera de rationalis animm immnrtaH- tute sententia, written at the request of cardinal Barl>e- rini, afterwards Urban VIII. In it Oregio takes pains to defend Aristotle against the reproach of materialism. Other noteworthj' treatises of his are, J)e Deo : — Be Trinitate: — Be I ncarnatinne : — De Anyelis: — De Pec- catis, etc., wliich, frequently reprinted, have for a long time been used in the Italian Roman Catholic semina- ries.— Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, s. v.