tract for use in his own parish ; but the more arduous labor of his mind and of his pen, while he ministered to that congregation of two thousand souls, appears in an- other publication. Salus Electoritm, Sanguis Jesu, or the Death of Death in the Death of Christ, a volume of more than 300 pages, quarto, was another of his battles against Arminianism. About that time, Essex having become a principal seat of the war, I<"airfax, the chief commander of the Parliamentary forces, had his head- quarters for a while at Coggeshall during the siege of Colchester, and Owen, who seems to have served tem- porarily as his chaplain, became one of his friends. Af- ter the fall of Colchester and the deliverance of the Par- liament committee who had been held captive there (which virtually ended the war in England), he preached a Thanksgiving sermon to the victorious army, and an- other, at another place, to the committee in celebration of their deliverance — the two sermons from the same text, and so connected that they were published as one discourse. At the age of thirty-two years he had at- tained the highest rank among the preachers as well as among the controversial theologians of his generation. A few months later he was required, at very short no- tice, to preach before Parliament on an occasion unique in history. It was the day after that 30th of January, 1649, which saw the king beheaded in the name of jus- tice for crimes against the people. The sermon on that occasion is remarkable for its abstinence from anj' ex- plicit reference to the great event of the preceding day; but a careful reading of it will show that while the preacher did not find himself called to sit in judgment on the High Court of Justice, or to pronounce a sentence of approval or disapproval on what that court had done, he did not fear to teach that inasmuch as kings have their power fmm the furmal or informal consent of the people, and inasmuch as the people are therefore held responsible in God's providence for the crimes of those whom they permit to rule them, kings are of right re- sponsible to the people whom they rule. To the ser- mon, as published by request of Parliament, he append- ed a most timely Discourse on Toleration, maintaining that religion, as such, does not come within the prov- ince of the magistrate, and that, therefore, the state ought not to concern itself with the suppression of any religious error which does not directly assail the founda- tions of society or the public peace. At the moment when the party with which his interests were identified, and of which as a religious party he had become a lead- er, was wielding the supreme power, he demanded of Parliament liberty for all to worship God according to their own convictions. Less than three months elapsed before he was again called to preach before Parliament, the principal officers of the army being also present, among whom was Cromwell, then lately appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland. That was his sermon on the shaking of heaven and earth, from Heb. xii, 27, The next day Cromwell met Owen for the first time, and, immediately taking him aside, announced his in- tention with regard to Ireland, and invited him to go as chaplain, and to aid in reforming and restoring the Uni- versity of Dublin, Yielding to the advice of brethren in the ministry, and to the urgencj' of the great chief, whose earnest invitation was equivalent to a command, he left his parish for the time. While preparations for the expected campaign were in progress he had the op- portunity of preaching on another memorable occasion before Parliament, the council of state, and the council of the army, the occasion being a national thanksgiving when the attempt at military revolution by the Level- lers had been suppressed. Going to Ireland, he remained in Dublin preaching to attentive multitudes, investigat- ing the affairs of the university, and devising measures for its benefit. Returning Avith Cromwell to England, he was again summoned to preach before Parliament on a day of national fasting. In consequence of his repre- sentations and appeals on that occasion, seconded as they were by Cromwell, the Parliament passed an ordi-
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