From the time of Tertullian's De Baptismo, refer- ences to the baptism of children are frequent and un- equivocal, establishing the fact that it was a recog- nised rite in the Church at the time, and was a com- mon though not universal practice. Origen (A.D. 185-253) was himself baptized soon after his birth, and in his liomily on Luke xiv he makes this statement, "Infants are baptized for the forgiveness of sins." He also expressly asserts that '"the Church derived from the apostles a tradition to give baptism even to infants." Tertullian's opposition seems to have had but little influence. Cyprian, a pupil of Tertullian, mentions and advocates infant baptism. The practice of it is also spoken of b_v Ambrose, Chrysostom, Greg- ory Nazianzen, Augustine, and others. From this time until the rise of a sect called the Petrobrusians
in France, about A.D. 1130, it existed in the Church without question. This sect opposed infant baptism because infants, as thej^ said, were incapable of salva- tion. They maintained themselves, however, only about tliirt}- j-ears ; and we hear of no body of men rejecting infant baptism until the rise of the German Antipcedobaptists, A.D. 1522.
The basis pf infant baptism, when it appears in the age succeeding tlie apostles, seems not to have been so much the organic unity of the family, and the par- ticipation of children in the covenant relations with their parents, as the belief in the efficac}' of baptism to cleanse from sin and to insure the regeneration of the child. See Kegeneuation.
II. Literature. — Richard Baxter, Plain Scripture Proof of Infants' Chuixh Membership and Baptism (1656) ; Wall, IJistor;/ of Infant Baptism, with Gale's lie- jUctions and Wall's Defence, edited by Cotton (Oxford, 1836 and 1844, 4 vols.) ; Lange, Die Kinderianfe (Jena, 1884) ; Walch, Historia Pwdobaptismi (ibid. 1739) ; Williams, Antipcedobaptism Examined (1789, 2 vols.); Dr. Leonard Woods, Works (Boston, 1851), vol. iii; Wardlaw, Dissertation on Infant Bapilism (London) ; J. W. F. Hiifling, Das Sakrament der Tavfe (Erlangen, 1846, 2 vols.) ; W. Goode, Effects of Infant Baptism (1851) ; Edwin Hall, 77^6 Law of Baptism (Presb. Pub. Coiu., Phila.); F. G. Hibbard, Christian Baptism, its Subjects, Mode, and Obligation (New York, 1845) ; Kev. Philippe Wolfe, Baptism, the Covenant and the Family (Boston, 1862) ; Ptev. Edward Williams, Practical Re- flections on Baptism (Charlotteto'wn, P. E. Island, 1863) ; Rev. I. Murray, Baptism, its Mode and Subjects (Cavendish, P. E. Island, 1869) ; S. M. Merrill, Chris- tian Baj)tism, its Subjects and Mode; H. Martensen, Die christliche Tavfe unddie baptislische Frar/e (Hamb. 1843) ; Dr. H. Bushnell, Christian Nurture (New York, 1868) ; Rev. N. Doane, Infant Baptism brieflij Consid- ered (ibid. 1875); Gray, Aulhoiit;/ for Infant Baptism (Halifax, 1837) ; Kev. H. D. Wiekham, Synopsis of the Doctrine of Baptism to the End (f the Fturlh Cei,tvry (Lond. 1850). On Origen on inf;int baptism, see Jour, of Sac. Lit. 1853 ; Christian Reritiu (Dr. Chase), 1854 ; Anier. Presb. and Theol. Rev. 1865; Presb. Qu. and Princeton Rev. October, 1873 ; Southern Presb. Rev. 1873 ; Amer. Presb. and Theol. Rev. 1867, p. 239, "Ire- naeus and Infant Baptism."
Against Padobaptism : Gale, Reply to Wcdl (see above) ; Booth, Padobaptism Examined (Lond. 1829, 3 vols.); \{mXor\, Iliitory of Eajtism (Phila. 1849); Carson, Baptism in its Mode and Subjects (Lond. 1844 ; 5th ed. Phila. 1857); Pengilly, ScrijAure Guide to Baptism (Phila. 1849) ; John Gill, Infant Baptism, a Part and Pillar of Popery (Pliila. Amer. Bapt. Pub. Soc.) ; J. Torrcy Smith, Tlie Kexo Testament and Histor- ical A rffuments for Infant Baptism Examined (Phila. do.) ; The Covenant of Circumcision Considered in Rela- tion to Christian Baptism (ibid.) ; The Baptist Quar- terly, Jan. 1869 ; Difficulties of Infant Baptism.
See also the works cited by Malcom, Thcoloyical In- dex, s. V. Infant Baptism. (AV. K. P.)
Paedobaptists, a name given to most denomina- tions of Christians who baptize children {ttci^q and fSaTTTi^w), in distinction from tlie self-styled " Baptists," who baptize only adults. See P^edobaptism.
Paedothysia (Gr. Troif, TraiSoc, a child, and Bvala, a sacrifce~) is a term used among the ancients to denote the sacrifice of children to the gods. See Sacrifice.
Paelinck, Joseph, an eminent Belgian painter, was born at Oostacker, near Ghent, in 1781. He first studied under professor Verhacgen at the academy in Ghent. He next went to Paris, and entered the school of David. On his return to Ghent he contended for the prize offered by the academy, which he obtained for his Judgment of Paris, and he was appointed pro- fessor of design in tliat institution. He shortly after- wards resigned his professorship and went to Pome,
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where he remained eight years, diligently studying the anti(iue and the works of the great masters. He there distinguished himself by painting a large picture repre- senting the embellishments of Rome by Augustus. On his return to his own country he executed many works for the churches and public edifices, as well as for indi- viduals, which justly rank him among the most eminent of the modern Belgian painters. Among .his most es- teemed Avorks on sacred subjects are, The Fimliiif/ of the Cross, in the church of St. Michael at Ghent : — The A d- oration of the Shepherds, in the convent of La Trappe near Antwerp: — The Flvjht into Egypt, at IMalines: — The Departure of Tobit, at Opbraekel -.—The Return of Tohit, from Maria Oudenhoven : — The Assumption of the Virgin, at Muysen : — The Disciples at Emmaus, at Ev- erghem : — The Calvary, at Oostacker, etc. These works are designed in a grand and elevated style, and display a profound knowledge of art. He is accused of over- fondness of academic display, but this blemish is more apparent in his profane subjects, although those of a sacred character are not entirely free from it. See Spooner, Biorj, Hist, of the Fine A rts, ii, 641.